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**Executive Summary** On February 24, 2020, Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 researchers found vulnerabilities present in AvertX IP cameras running the latest firmware. Three vulnerabilities were found in AvertX IP cameras with model number HD838 and 438IR, as confirmed by AvertX. These products are surveillance cameras intended to be used outdoors with infrared and object detection technology built-in. They also allow users to store the recordings in the cloud, in a network video recorder (NVR) and also create backups in an SD memory card. The following are the three vulnerabilities we found: * [CVE-2020-11625](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-11625): User enumeration * [CVE-2020-11624](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-11624): Weak password requirements * [CVE-2020-11623](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-11623): Exposed dangerous method or function The detected vulnerabilities have the following impact: * Attackers can remotely enumerate the usernames of IP camera accounts, facilitating brute-force attacks. Since it is possible to collect a set of valid usernames by interacting with the authentication mechanism of the application, it eases brute-force attacks, in which the attacker verifies if, given a valid username, it is possible to find the corresponding password. * Attackers might be able to access the camera by using its default password because it does not force you to change the default password. A lot of IoT devices offer web-based configuration or administrative interfaces. Often these applications, once installed, are not properly configured and the default credentials provided for initial authentication and configuration are never changed. These default credentials can be obtained by reading the user manual of such a device. As a consequence, attackers, and most common IoT botnets, can use them to gain access to the IoT device. * Attackers with physical access to the universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) interface can access its bootloader. As a consequence, they can access and modify additional configurations, reset the configuration and even render the camera inoperable. The AvertX IP cameras that our team analyzed are rebranded Hikvision cameras with modifications. AvertX has released a [patch](https://www.avertx.com/downloads/) for these vulnerabilities and has also removed the UART connector and disabled the interface in the latest production batch. According to the [2020 Unit 42 IoT Threat Report](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/iot-threat-report-2020/), security cameras make up only 5% of enterprise IoT devices, but they account for 33% of all security issues. This is because many cameras are designed to be consumer-grade, focusing on simplicity of use and deployment over security. Palo Alto Networks customers are protected from these vulnerabilities via the [ML-Powered Next-Generation Firewall](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2020/06/network-pan-os-10-0/), and [IoT Security](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2020/06/network-iot-security/), a subscription available for the NGFW. ## **CVE-2020-11625: User Enumeration** Failed web user interface (UI) login attempts to the camera elicit different responses depending on whether a user account exists. Because the responses indicate whether a submitted username is valid or not, they make it easier to identify legitimate usernames. If a login request is sent to ISAPI/Security/sessionLogin/capabilities using a username that exists on the camera, it will return the value of the salt given to that username, even if the password is incorrect: ![The screenshot shows what happens when a login request is sent to ISAPI/Security/sessionLogin/capabilities on AvertX IP cameras for a username that exists on the camera.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-21.png) Figure 1. Request using an existing username However, if a login request is sent using a username that is not present in the IP camera's database, it will return an empty salt value: ![This shows what happens when a login request is sent to AvertX IP cameras for a username that is not present in the IP camera's database.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-22.png) Figure 2. Request using a nonexistent username This allows attackers to enumerate legitimate usernames, facilitating brute-force attacks. ## **CVE-2020-11624: Weak Password Requirements** The IP camera does not require users to change the default password for the admin account. Every time the user logs in with the default password, the camera shows a pop-up window suggesting the password be changed, but there's no enforcement. An administrator can click "Cancel" and proceed to use the device without changing the password: ![AvertX IP cameras show a pop-up window suggesting the user change the default password for the admin account, but the suggestion can be ignored.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-23.png) Figure 3. Default password pop-up window that can be ignored The device allows incautious administrators to continue using the default password (admin/1234). Additionally, it discloses the default username on the login.js script: ![AvertX IP cameras disclose the default username on the login.js script.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-24.png) Figure 4. Default username disclosed on login.js script ## **CVE-2020-11623: Exposed Dangerous Method or Function** There is an exposed UART interface that allows access to diagnostic and configuration functionalities, and even to system information that can be modified. This security vulnerability can be exploited by attackers with physical access to the UART interface. ![The bootloader console](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-25.png) Figure 5. Bootloader console The team was able to identify a 4-pin Molex connector that was unpopulated. Most UART interfaces in commercial products are between four and six pins, so the team proceeded to identify and test the pins. ![Image of the printed circuit board (PCB), with a 4-pin Molex connector present](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-26.png) Figure 6. Image of the printed circuit board (PCB), with a 4-pin Molex connector present ![A closer view of the 4-pin Molex connector](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-27.png) Figure 7. A closer view of the 4-pin Molex connector #### Connecting to the UART We connected to the UART interface through an Attify Badge, which is a hardware security tool that uses an FTDI chip, allowing it to speak a wide variety of communication protocols such as SPI, JTAG, I2C and UART. It also has a microUSB port, allowing it to be connected to a PC. ![Connecting to the UART](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-28.png) Figure 8. Connecting to the UART To determine the baud rate, we tested with the most common values. We opened a screen terminal to communicate with the camera's UART using a baud rate of 115200. To obtain a Uboot prompt, we interrupted the booting process pressing CTRL + U. No username or password was required: ![Bootloader console access (U-boot)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/word-image-29.png) Figure 9. Bootloader console access (U-boot) At this point, several commands are available to obtain information about this device including the firmware and configuration settings. Since this device is intended to be used outdoors, it is especially important to protect it against physical attacks as well as remote attacks. ## Conclusion In summary, the AvertX IP camera models HD838 and 438IR are a rebranded version of Hikvision cameras with modifications and have three vulnerabilities that can be used to compromise the device and even render it inoperable. * The first is the user enumeration, which allows attackers to perform brute force attacks more efficiently. * The second vulnerability is the lack of strong password requirements, which facilitates attackers' efforts to find and compromise cameras using default credentials. * The last one is an exposed UART interface, which allows attackers with physical access to the camera to extract information off the device, change configuration values and even render the device inoperable. AvertX responded quickly when contacted and has released a [patch](https://www.avertx.com/downloads/) for the issues mentioned above. In addition, AvertX has removed the UART connector and disabled the interface starting with the latest production batch. Palo Alto Networks protects its customers from attacks on AvertX IP cameras through the following platforms: 1. The [ML-Powered Next-Generation Firewall](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2020/06/network-pan-os-10-0/), which is capable of identifying brute force attacks to block or alert them. 2. [IoT Security](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2020/06/network-iot-security/), a subscription available for the NGFW, which detects brute force attacks on IoT devices and anomalous traffic. ## **Appendix** #### CVEs: |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------| | **CVE-ID** | **Vulnerability type** | | [CVE-2020-11625](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-11625) | User enumeration | | [CVE-2020-11624](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-11624) | Weak password requirements | | [CVE-2020-11623](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-11623) | Exposed dangerous method or function | *Table 1. 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A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/) * [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum") * [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications") ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/) * [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain") * [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm") ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/) * [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API") * [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway") * [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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