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Cloudy with a Chance of Entropy ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 2 min read * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/unit42/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:July 24, 2019 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Cloud Cybersecurity Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/cloud-cybersecurity-research/) * [Trend Reports](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/trend-reports/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [Amazon EC2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/amazon-ec2/) * [Azure Virtual Machine](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/azure-virtual-machine/) * [Cloud Security](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud-security/) * [Cryptocurrency mining](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptocurrency-mining/) * [Docker](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/docker/) * [GCP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/gcp/) * [Public cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/public-cloud/) * [Rocke](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/rocke/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloudy-with-a-chance-of-entropy/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=b82091c0d3 "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloudy-with-a-chance-of-entropy/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=b82091c0d3 "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)](mailto:?subject=Cloudy%20with%20a%20Chance%20of%20Entropy&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fcloudy-with-a-chance-of-entropy%2F "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fcloudy-with-a-chance-of-entropy%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fcloudy-with-a-chance-of-entropy%2F&title=Cloudy%20with%20a%20Chance%20of%20Entropy "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fcloudy-with-a-chance-of-entropy%2F&text=Cloudy%20with%20a%20Chance%20of%20Entropy "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fcloudy-with-a-chance-of-entropy%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=Cloudy%20with%20a%20Chance%20of%20Entropy%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fcloudy-with-a-chance-of-entropy%2F "Share in Mastodon") #### Cloudy with a Chance of Entropy The term "cloud" has been popular in the business lexicon since 2006 when Amazon Web Services (AWS) launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). The latest Cloud Threat Risk Report from Unit 42, which was released today, shows that organizations continue to struggle with securing public cloud platforms some 13 years after the launch of EC2. The report highlights key insights on cloud threats based on intelligence gathered from multiple data sources between January 2018 and late June 2019. Among other findings, the report shows: * **Shortcomings in on-premises patching habits are carrying over to the cloud.** Unit 42 found more than 34 million vulnerabilities in customer applications running across various cloud service providers (CSPs). These vulnerabilities originate from the applications customers deploy to CSP infrastructure, such as outdated Apache servers and vulnerable jQuery packages. Researchers identified: * 29,128,902 vulnerabilities in customer applications running on Amazon EC2 * 1,715,855 in customer applications running on Azure Virtual Machine * 3,971,632 in customer applications running on GCP Compute Engine Patching is a struggle, as many standalone vulnerability management tools lack cloud context and remain scattered across multiple consoles. Organizations need to consolidate tools in order to create a cloud-centric view. * **Default and unsecured container configurations are rampant.** Unit 42 research reveals more than 40,000 container systems operate under default configurations. This represents nearly 51% of all publicly exposed Docker containers. Many of the systems identified allowed for unauthenticated access to the data they contained. We recommend at least placing every container with sensitive data behind a properly configured security policy or an external-facing firewall that prevents access from the internet. * **Cloud complexity is yielding low-hanging fruit for attackers.** Regarding publicly disclosed cloud security incidents, 65% were the result of misconfigurations. Organizations that had at least one Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) service exposed to the entire internet amounted to 56%, despite the fact that all major cloud providers natively give consumers the ability to restrict inbound traffic. This represents an opportunity to consolidate cloud-based network controls with well-established on-premises management systems. * **Malware has extended its reach to the cloud.** Unit 42 found 28% of organizations communicating with malicious cryptomining C2 domains operated by the [threat group Rocke](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/malware-used-by-rocke-group-evolves-to-evade-detection-by-cloud-security-products/). We have been closely tracking the group and noted the group's unique tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs), giving them the ability to disable and uninstall agent-based cloud security tools. Timely and consistent patching schedules for cloud-based systems are an expedient way to slow similar malware threats. Download the latest "[Threat Forecast: Cloudy with a Chance of Entropy](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/research/unit42-cloud-with-a-chance-of-entropy)" for more security insights as well as actionable recommendations to protect your cloud environment. Back to top ### Tags * [Amazon EC2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/amazon-ec2/ "Amazon EC2") * [Azure Virtual Machine](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/azure-virtual-machine/ "Azure Virtual Machine") * [Cloud Security](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud-security/ "Cloud Security") * [Cryptocurrency mining](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptocurrency-mining/ "Cryptocurrency mining") * [Docker](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/docker/ "Docker") * [GCP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/gcp/ "GCP") * [Public cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/public-cloud/ "public cloud") * [Rocke](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/rocke/ "Rocke") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: USBCreator D-Bus Privilege Escalation in Ubuntu Desktop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/usbcreator-d-bus-privilege-escalation-in-ubuntu-desktop/ "USBCreator D-Bus Privilege Escalation in Ubuntu Desktop") ### Related Articles * [Essential Data Sources for Detection Beyond the Endpoint](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/detection-beyond-the-endpoint/ "article - table of contents") * [Can AI Attack the Cloud? Lessons From Building an Autonomous Cloud Offensive Multi-Agent System](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/autonomous-ai-cloud-attacks/ "article - table of contents") * [Double Agents: Exposing Security Blind Spots in GCP Vertex AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/double-agents-vertex-ai/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Cloud Cybersecurity Research Resources ![Pictorial representation of how AWS neutralizes compromised IAM credentials. Digital illustration of a glowing cloud composed of binary code, surrounded by dynamic red and blue light streaks, symbolizing cloud computing technology.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 21, 2026 [#### From Exposure to Lockdown: How AWS Neutralizes Compromised IAM Credentials through Managed Policies](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/detecting-exposed-aws-iam-credentials/) * [AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/ "AWS") * [AWS CloudTrail](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws-cloudtrail/ "AWS CloudTrail") * [Bedrock](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bedrock/ "bedrock") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/detecting-exposed-aws-iam-credentials/ "From Exposure to Lockdown: How AWS Neutralizes Compromised IAM Credentials through Managed Policies") ![Pictorial representation of how default AWS AgentCore Harness configurations allow prompt injection to exfiltrate AgentCore Identity credentials. Futuristic illustration with glowing neon lights and advanced technology motifs, depicting cloud computing and data flow through interconnected networks. The scene is highlighted by hovering digital clouds and dynamic, illuminated linear structures, set in a dramatic, blue and orange color scheme.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/03_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 18, 2026 [#### A Vault with a Heap-View: The Uncomfortable Space Between AgentCore Harness and Identity](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/securing-aws-agentcore-harness-credentials/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/ "AWS") * [Cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud/ "Cloud") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/securing-aws-agentcore-harness-credentials/ "A Vault with a Heap-View: The Uncomfortable Space Between AgentCore Harness and Identity") ![Pictorial representation of automated detection. Digital illustration of a glowing blue brain connected to a network of lines and lights.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 14, 2026 [#### Unmasking Cloud Identities: From Behavioral Clustering to Automated Detection](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/behavioral-clustering-map-to-cloud-identities/) * [AWS CloudTrail](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws-cloudtrail/ "AWS CloudTrail") * [Cloud detection](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud-detection/ "cloud detection") * [DevOps](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/devops/ "DevOps") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/behavioral-clustering-map-to-cloud-identities/ "Unmasking Cloud Identities: From Behavioral Clustering to Automated Detection") ![Pictorial representation of bucket hijacking technique for cloud data exfiltration. Digital illustration of Europe map highlighting network connections and nodes, depicted as glowing points and lines on a dark blue background, emphasizing major cities and connectivity across the continent.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/09_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) June 22, 2026 [#### The Global Namespace Risk: Universal Bucket Hijacking Technique for Cloud Data Exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-bucket-hijacking-risks/) * [AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/ "AWS") * [Bucket hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bucket-hijacking/ "bucket hijacking") * [Cloud data exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud-data-exfiltration/ "cloud data exfiltration") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-bucket-hijacking-risks/ "The Global Namespace Risk: Universal Bucket Hijacking Technique for Cloud Data Exfiltration") ![Pictorial representation of Vertex AI model uploads. Close-up view of a digital wall displaying various glowing icons, representing a high-tech network interface.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/AdobeStock_1270203474-1-786x354.png) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) June 16, 2026 [#### Pickle in the Middle -- Hijacking Vertex AI Model Uploads for Cross-Tenant RCE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hijacking-vertex-ai-model/) * [Bucket squatting](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bucket-squatting/ "bucket squatting") * [Google Cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google-cloud/ "Google Cloud") * [Joblib](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/joblib/ "joblib") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hijacking-vertex-ai-model/ "Pickle in the Middle – Hijacking Vertex AI Model Uploads for Cross-Tenant RCE") ![Pictorial representation of Cloud Logging services for defense evasion. A vibrant digital illustration depicting a glowing, neon blue cloud symbol positioned over a circuit board landscape. The cloud symbolizes cloud computing technology, and the landscape features intricate electronic circuits with glowing lines and nodes, suggesting high-tech data transfer and connectivity.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/11_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) June 9, 2026 [#### Blinding the Watchmen: Abusing Cloud Logging Services for Defense Evasion and Visibility](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-logging-defense-evasion/) * [AWS CloudTrail](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws-cloudtrail/ "AWS CloudTrail") * [Cloud logging](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud-logging/ "cloud logging") * [Defense evasion](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/defense-evasion/ "defense evasion") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-logging-defense-evasion/ "Blinding the Watchmen: Abusing Cloud Logging Services for Defense Evasion and Visibility") ![Pictorial representation of ROADtools framework in the cloud. An Asian man wearing glasses sits in front of a computer screen. Reflecting in the glasses are lines indicating analysis. Bright blue city lights illuminate the rest of the image.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/10_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) May 22, 2026 [#### Paved With Intent: ROADtools and Nation-State Tactics in the Cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/roadtools-cloud-attacks/) * [Curious Serpens](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/curious-serpens/ "Curious Serpens") * [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID") * [Microsoft Azure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-azure/ "Microsoft Azure") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/roadtools-cloud-attacks/ "Paved With Intent: ROADtools and Nation-State Tactics in the Cloud") ![Pictorial representation of autonomous AI attack in cloud environments. Digital illustration of a glowing blue brain connected to a network of lines and lights.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/12_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) April 23, 2026 [#### Can AI Attack the Cloud? Lessons From Building an Autonomous Cloud Offensive Multi-Agent System](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/autonomous-ai-cloud-attacks/) * [AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai/ "AI") * [Cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud/ "Cloud") * [Data exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/data-exfiltration/ "data exfiltration") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/autonomous-ai-cloud-attacks/ "Can AI Attack the Cloud? Lessons From Building an Autonomous Cloud Offensive Multi-Agent System") ![Pictorial representation of passwordless authentication. Futuristic cityscape with skyscrapers surrounded by glowing, neon-lit pathways and digital clouds. The sky is vibrant with pink and orange hues, giving a surreal, cyberpunk aesthetic.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/02_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) March 23, 2026 [#### Google Cloud Authenticator: The Hidden Mechanisms of Passwordless Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/passwordless-authentication/) * [Google](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google/ "Google") * [Google authenticator](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google-authenticator/ "google authenticator") * [Google Chrome](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google-chrome/ "Google Chrome") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/passwordless-authentication/ "Google Cloud Authenticator: The Hidden Mechanisms of Passwordless Authentication") ![Close-up of a black woman with glasses examining colorful computer code on a screen. The scene is illuminated by various lights, creating a focused and analytical atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/13_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) February 6, 2026 [#### Novel Technique to Detect Cloud Threat Actor Operations](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tracking-threat-groups-through-cloud-logging/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [IAM](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/iam/ "IAM") * [MITRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/mitre/ "MITRE") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tracking-threat-groups-through-cloud-logging/ "Novel Technique to Detect Cloud Threat Actor Operations") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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