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Executive Summary When people ask me what Unit 42 does, the most concise answer I can normally give is "we research bad guys doing bad things." With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic spreading around the world, many of us have had to adapt our lives to accommodate the new reality. Bad guys are no different. They've also adapted and are taking advantage of this pandemic to launch cyber attacks. The biggest opportunity for cyber attackers with this outbreak has nothing to do with technology, but with how humans change their behavior and patterns in response to the crisis. The purpose of this report is not to contribute to the fear and anxiety many of us are already experiencing, but to help you be informed about what is happening and how to protect yourself and your organization. We will update this blog as new information comes to light. #### Phishing/Malware Distribution using COVID-19 Themes As with other high-profile events, attackers are taking advantage of the high amount of attention paid to COVID-19 to lure victims into opening attachments on malicious emails and click on phishing links. This is not a single attack or event campaign, but a widespread use of virus related themes. We've identified malicious emails using subjects containing COVID-19 and related keywords carrying Remote Administration Tools (RATs) like NetWire, NanoCore, and LokiBot. Example email subjects include: * * CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) UPDATE // BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN ANNOUNCEMENT STARTING MARCH 2020. * Latest corona-virus updates * UNICEF COVID-19 TIPS APP * POEA HEALTH ADVISORY re-2020 Novel Corona Virus. * WARNING! CORONA VIRUS Example file attachment names include: * * AWARENESS NOTICE ON CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 DOCUMENT\_pdf.exe * Coronavirus COVID-19 upadte.xlsx * CORONA VIRUS1.uue * CORONA VIRUS AFFECTED CREW AND VESSEL.xlsm * covid19.ZIP Neither of these lists is exhaustive and new variants on these themes will quickly emerge. We've also identified malicious emails using subjects containing COVID-19 and related keywords to deliver ransomware (e.g. EDA2) and info stealer malware (e.g. AgentTesla) [in attacks across various industr](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/covid-19-themed-cyber-attacks-target-government-and-medical-organizations/)ies. Target industries include, but are not limited to, government healthcare organization, medical research universities, industrial manufacturing firms, and research institutes. Example email subject lines include: * * Coronavirus disease * COVID19 Example file attachment names include: * * 20200323-sitrep-63-covid-19.doc * COVID-19 Supplier Notice/COVID-19 Supplier Notice.jpg.exe * Corporate advisory CoronaVirus (Covid-19)/Corporate advisory Co Expect these attacks to continue in the coming weeks and months. As the news evolves, the attackers will adapt. We simultaneously see the same attacks using common themes related to tax filing, invoices, and shipping orders. #### Fake Applications As people seek out information about COVID-19, how it is impacting them, and how they can stay safe, many are looking to their smartphone for help. There have already been [multiple](https://blog.lookout.com/commercial-surveillanceware-operators-latest-to-take-advantage-of-covid-19)[cases](https://www.domaintools.com/resources/blog/covidlock-mobile-coronavirus-tracking-app-coughs-up-ransomware) reported of malicious Android applications that claim to offer information about the virus. These allow the attacker to spy on you through your devices, or encrypt your device and hold it for ransom. As always, Android users should not install applications from untrusted sources (stick to the Google Play store) and iPhone users should not jailbreak their phones and install apps from third-party sources (stick to the App Store). #### COVID-19 Themed Domain Names In the past few weeks, thousands (in fact over 100,000) of domains have been registered containing terms like "covid," "virus", and "corona." We've [identified 116,357 newly registered domains](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/how-cybercriminals-prey-on-the-covid-19-pandemic/) with coronavirus-related names between January 1 and March 31. Out of these, 2,022 are classified as "malicious" and more than 40,000 are considered "high-risk". Additionally, from February 1 to March 31, we witnessed a 569% growth in malicious domain registrations, preying on consumers with some of the following tactics: * * \*\*Fake webshops:\*\*Scam websites that offered high-demand items like face masks or hand sanitizers for a discounted price. * **Credit card skimmers:** Scripts on other malicious stores that sell pandemic-relevant goods to steal credit card information. * \*\*Fake ebooks:\*\*Domains set up to prey into consumer fear and coerce them into buying COVID-19 ebooks by playing a video about the scariest situations and events related to the pandemic. * \*\*Illicit pharmacies:\*\*Unlicensed and leverage compromised websites that use domain names suggesting they sell remedies for COVID-19 when they actually advertise Viagra and other drugs unrelated to the virus. Not all newly registered coronavirus-related domains will be malicious, but all of them should be treated as suspect. Whether they claim to have information, a testing kit, or a cure, the fact that the website didn't exist until the pandemic became news should make you very skeptical of their validity. #### Ransomware Between March 24, 2020 at 18:25 UTC and March 26 at 11:54 UTC, Unit 42 observed several malicious emails sent from the spoofed address noreply@who\[.\]int (actual sender IP address at the time of the attack was 176.223.133\[.\]91) to several individuals associated with a Canadian government health organization actively engaged in COVID-19 response efforts, and a Canadian university conducting COVID-19 research. The emails all contained a malicious Rich Text Format (RTF) phishing lure with the file name 20200323-sitrep-63-covid-19.doc, (SHA256: 62d38f19e67013ce7b2a84cb17362c77e2f13134ee3f8743cbadde818483e617). When opened with a vulnerable application, it attempts to deliver EDA2, an open-source ransomware variant associated with a larger, parent ransomware family called HiddenTear. This ransomware payload, when opened with a vulnerable application, attempts to deliver the ransomware payload using a known shared Microsoft component vulnerability, CVE-2012-0158. #### Infostealers Malspam actors are also taking advantage of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic crisis, as we found malware droppers distributed to a number of our customers within the healthcare, pharmaceutical and government industries (among others). These phishing emails attempted to deliver variants of the AgentTesla malware family, which is an info-stealing malware that's been around since 2014. Attackers were also found hosting a RedLine Stealer sample at the URL covid-19-gov\[.\]com within a ZIP file. When the contents of the ZIP file are extracted, the RedLine Stealer binary was revealed to have the filename Covid-Locator.exe. #### How We're Protecting You In general, the [best practices](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/best-practices) we recommend are still the right way to keep your organization and your network protected from these threats. Our products and services are just as capable at preventing threats using COVID-19 related themes as they are for other messages that track users into clicking links and opening attachments. Consider taking the following actions to ensure you are taking advantage of our protection: * Run a [Best Practice Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/bpa)to identify where your configuration could be altered to improve your security posture. * Use URL Filtering to block the "Newly-Registered Domains", which contains domains registered in the last 32 days. While these may not all be malicious, it could prevent your users from succumbing to scams. This post was last updated on April 27 to reflect the latest campaigns and scams that Unit 42 researchers have detected and stopped. We will continue updating this blog as new information related to this threat comes to light. To see how Palo Alto Networks can protect against threats during your remote operations, visit our[Secure Remote Workforce page](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/secure) for resources and product solutions. ### Additional Resources * [Malicious Attackers Target Government and Medical Organizations With COVID-19 Themed Phishing Campaigns](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/covid-19-themed-cyber-attacks-target-government-and-medical-organizations/) * [Studying How Cybercriminals Prey on the COVID-19 Pandemic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/how-cybercriminals-prey-on-the-covid-19-pandemic/) * [SilverTerrier: New COVID-19 Themed Business Email Compromise Schemes](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/silverterrier-covid-19-themed-business-email-compromise/) * [COVID-19 Themed Malware Within Cloud Environments](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/covid-19-themed-malware-within-cloud-environments/) * [COVID-19: Cloud Threat Landscape](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/covid-19-cloud-threat-landscape/) * [COVID-19: The Cybercrime Gold Rush of 2020](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2020/07/unit-42-cybercrime-gold-rush/) * [Block COVID-19 Phishing Emails at Machine Speed](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2020/07/cortex-phishing-emails/) Back to top ### Tags * [COVID Phishing](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/covid-phishing/ "COVID Phishing") * [Secure Remote Workforce](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/secure-remote-workforce/ "Secure Remote Workforce") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: New Mirai Variant Targets Zyxel Network-Attached Storage Devices](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-mirai-variant-mukashi/ "New Mirai Variant Targets Zyxel Network-Attached Storage Devices") ### Related Articles ## Related Malware Resources ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. 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A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. 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A digital image of a skull formed by blue binary code on a black background, with scattered ones and zeros and digital noise, symbolizes how stealthy prompt injection attacks can exploit AI logic to bypass security controls.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/01_Malware_Category_1920x900-5-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 31, 2026 [#### Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/) * [Cloaked Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloaked-ursa/ "Cloaked Ursa") * [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID") * [Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-teams/ "Microsoft Teams") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled malware. A vibrant digital interface displaying various icons and graphs, resembling a futuristic network or data analysis dashboard. 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Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/) * [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication") * [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft") * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/malware/ "malware") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels") ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. 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The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/) * [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum") * [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications") ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/) * [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain") * [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm") ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/) * [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API") * [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway") * [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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