[![Logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/PANW_Parent.png)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/) [![Unit42 Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/unit42-logo-white.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/) Menu * [Tools](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tools/) * [ATOMs](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atoms/) * [Security Consulting](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42) * [About Us](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/about-unit-42/) * [**Under Attack?**](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html) English * [English](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2021-20291/) * [Japanese](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ja/cve-2021-20291/) * [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/ "Threat Research") * [Vulnerabilities](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/vulnerabilities/ "Vulnerabilities") [Vulnerabilities](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/vulnerabilities/) # New Vulnerability Affecting Container Engines CRI-O and Podman (CVE-2021-20291) ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 4 min read Related Products [![Prisma Cloud icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/prisma_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Prisma Cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/prisma-cloud/ "Prisma Cloud") * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Aviv Sasson](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/aviv-sasson/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:April 14, 2021 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) * [Vulnerabilities](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/vulnerabilities/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [Containers](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/containers/) * [CRI-O](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cri-o/) * [CVE-2021-20291](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2021-20291/) * [Kubernetes](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/kubernetes/) * [Podman LXC Container Security](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/podman-lxc-container-security/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2021-20291/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=8eff5d0d06 "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2021-20291/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=8eff5d0d06 "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)]( "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fcve-2021-20291%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)]( "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)]( "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fcve-2021-20291%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)]( "Share in Mastodon") ## Executive Summary As part of our initiative to improve security in the cloud-native landscape, I conducted a security audit of multiple Go libraries that Kubernetes is based on. In my research, I found [CVE-2021-20291](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-20291) in [containers/storage](https://github.com/containers/storage) that leads to a Denial of Service (DoS) of the container engines [CRI-O](https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o) and [Podman](https://github.com/containers/podman) when pulling a malicious image from a registry. Through this vulnerability, malicious actors could jeopardize any containerized infrastructure that relies on these vulnerable container engines, including Kubernetes and OpenShift. Palo Alto Networks customers running [Prisma Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/cloud) are protected from this vulnerability through the Prisma Cloud Compute host vulnerability scanner and the [Trusted Images](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2020/05/cloud-container-image-trust-groups/) feature. ## Disclosure Process We responsibly disclosed the vulnerability on March 10, 2021, and a fix was released on version [1.28.1](https://github.com/containers/storage/releases/tag/v1.28.1). Corresponding fixes were released in CRI-O version [v1.20.2](https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o/releases/tag/v1.20.2) and Podman version [3.1.0](https://github.com/containers/podman/releases/tag/v3.1.0). On some platforms, depending on the user settings, the update can be downloaded automatically or it needs to be downloaded manually. We encourage the community to check their software version and update it in case it is not up to date. We would like to thank the Red Hat security team for their prompt response to this issue and for assigning CVE-2021-20291 for the vulnerability. ## How Container Images Are Pulled To understand how this vulnerability works, we need to understand what happens when a container engine pulls an image from a registry. The first step of pulling a container image is downloading its manifest. Each image has a manifest, a file containing instructions on how to build the image. This includes information such as the image's operation system and its CPU architecture. In this blog, I focus on the layers array, which is a list contained in the manifest that consists of layers that compose the container file system. When pulling the image, one of the operations is that the container engine reads that list and downloads, decompresses and [untars](https://linux.die.net/man/1/tar) each layer. ![When pulling a container image, one of the resulting operations is that the container engine reads the layers array and downloads, decompresses and untars each layer, as shown in this flow chart.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/word-image-81.png) Figure 1. Retrieving layer flow. An adversary could upload to the registry a malicious layer that aims to exploit the vulnerability and then upload an image that uses numerous layers, including the malicious layer, and by that create a malicious image. Then, when the victim pulls the image from the registry, it will download the malicious layer in that process and the vulnerability will be exploited. ## The Vulnerability: CVE-2021-20291 #### Execution Flow ![Vulnerability execution flow for CVE-2021-20291: 1) download layer in Go routine 1, 2) acquire lock, 3) move to Go routine 2 and Exec(xz -d), 4) in Go routine 3, Wait(xz), blocked, Close chdone, 5) Untar, fail to untar, 6) Close stream (wait for chdone), blocked](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/word-image-82.png) Figure 2. Vulnerability execution flow. Figure 2 illustrates how the vulnerability works after the container engine is requested to download a malicious image and starts downloading the malicious layer. The end result is a [deadlock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock), which is a situation in which a lock is acquired and never gets released. This causes a DoS since other threads and processes stop their execution and wait forever for the lock to be released. * Routine 1 - Downloads the malicious layer from a registry. * Routine 1 - Acquires a lock. * Routine 2 - Decompresses the downloaded layer using the [xz](https://linux.die.net/man/1/xz) binary and writes the output to [stdout](https://linux.die.net/man/3/stdout). * Routine 3 - Waits for xz to exit and for all the data in stdout to be read. When the conditions are met, it continues and closes a [channel](https://gobyexample.com/channels) called chdone. * Routine 1 - Uses the output of xz as input and tries to untar the data. Since the file is not a tar archive, untar fails with "invalid tar header" and doesn't finish reading the rest of the data from xz's stdout. Since the data will never be read, routine 3 is now deadlocked and will never close chdone. * Routine 1 - Waits for routine 3 to close chdone and therefore is also deadlocked. Now that routine 1 is deadlocked, the container engine cannot execute any new requests because in order to do so, it needs to acquire the lock on step 2, which will never be freed. ## Impact The vulnerability detailed above lies in the [containers/storage](https://github.com/containers/storage). This library is used by CRI-O and Podman to handle storage and download of container images. When triggering the vulnerability, their vital functionality breaks down. Some of the impacts I was able to observe after triggering this DoS vulnerability include: #### CRI-O 1 - Fails to pull new images. 2 - Fails to start any new containers (even if they are already pulled). 3 - Fails to retrieve local images list. 4 - Fails to kill containers. #### Podman 1 - Fails to pull new images. 2 - Fails to retrieve running pods. 3 - Fails to start new containers (even if they are already pulled). 4 - Fails to exec into containers. 5 - Fails to retrieve existing images. 6 - Fails to kill existing containers. #### Kubernetes As of Kubernetes v1.20, Docker is deprecated and the only container engines supported are CRI-O and Containerd. This leads to a situation in which many clusters use CRI-O and are vulnerable. In an attack scenario, an adversary may pull a malicious image to multiple different nodes, crashing all of them and breaking the cluster without leaving a way to fix the issue other than restarting the nodes. ![This image illustrates the flow by which a Kubernetes attack can occur. It shows where the CRI-O container engine typically sits in relation to a Kubelet and an API server.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/word-image-83.png) Figure 3. Kubernetes attack vector. ## Conclusion In the last several years, multiple security audits were conducted by Unit 42 and others on cloud applications and container infrastructure. Thanks to these audits, many security issues are being identified and addressed. As the transition to the cloud is rapidly increasing, adversaries will continue to shift their focus to the cloud. We are committed to supporting cloud infrastructure by conducting security audits, finding critical vulnerabilities and encouraging organizations to address them by issuing patches and applying them. ![The screenshot illustrates the Prisma Cloud Trusted Images feature, which can help protect against CVE-2021-20291. The example shows how to turn on Trusted images rules, which allow users to create rules to control which sources are trusted and which images are allowed to run. Policy changes can take effect immediately. Visibility in Console views requires a rescan.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/word-image-84.png) Figure 4. Prisma Trusted Images feature. Palo Alto Networks customers running [Prisma Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/cloud) are protected from this vulnerability through the Prisma Cloud Compute host vulnerability scanner and the [Trusted Images](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2020/05/cloud-container-image-trust-groups/) feature. Back to top ### Tags * [Containers](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/containers/ "Containers") * [CRI-O](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cri-o/ "CRI-O") * [CVE-2021-20291](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2021-20291/ "CVE-2021-20291") * [Kubernetes](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/kubernetes/ "Kubernetes") * [Podman LXC Container Security](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/podman-lxc-container-security/ "Podman LXC Container Security") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Threat Assessment: Clop Ransomware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/clop-ransomware/ "Threat Assessment: Clop Ransomware") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [Copy Fail: What You Need to Know About the Most Severe Linux Threat in Years](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2026-31431-copy-fail/ "article - table of contents") * [Understanding Current Threats to Kubernetes Environments](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/modern-kubernetes-threats/ "article - table of contents") * [Cloud Logging for Security and Beyond](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-logging-for-security/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Vulnerabilities Resources ![Pictorial representation of a group of people interacting with a dynamic 3D holographic display of colorful, undulating data waves on a table.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/11_Myth-Busting_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Insights-icon-white.svg)Insights](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/insights/) August 4, 2026 [#### The Frontier AI Vulnerability Burst: Industrializing Autonomous Zero-Day Discovery in Open-Source Software](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/frontier-ai-vulnerability-burst/) * [AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai/ "AI") * [Frontier AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/frontier-ai/ "Frontier AI") * [Vulnerability Exploitation](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/vulnerability-exploitation/ "Vulnerability Exploitation") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/frontier-ai-vulnerability-burst/ "The Frontier AI Vulnerability Burst: Industrializing Autonomous Zero-Day Discovery in Open-Source Software") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled autonomous cyberattacks. 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Digital art depicting a stylized mountain range with vibrant blue and red hues. The peaks are accentuated by glowing particles and an abstract, starry backdrop, creating a futuristic landscape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/14_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) February 19, 2026 [#### VShell and SparkRAT Observed in Exploitation of BeyondTrust Critical Vulnerability (CVE-2026-1731)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/beyondtrust-cve-2026-1731/) * [Bash](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bash/ "bash") * [CVE-2026-1731](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1731/ "CVE-2026-1731") * [PowerShell](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/powershell/ "PowerShell") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/beyondtrust-cve-2026-1731/ "VShell and SparkRAT Observed in Exploitation of BeyondTrust Critical Vulnerability (CVE-2026-1731)") ![](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/AdobeStock_1020436911-786x440.jpeg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) February 17, 2026 [#### Critical Vulnerabilities in Ivanti EPMM Exploited](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ivanti-cve-2026-1281-cve-2026-1340/) * [CVE-2026-1281](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1281/ "CVE-2026-1281") * [CVE-2026-1340](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1340/ "CVE-2026-1340") * [Ivanti](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ivanti/ "Ivanti") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ivanti-cve-2026-1281-cve-2026-1340/ "Critical Vulnerabilities in Ivanti EPMM Exploited") ![Pictorial representation of CVE-2025-0921. Digital illustration of a map of North America with interconnected glowing lines and dots symbolizing network connections across the continent.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/06_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-2-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) January 30, 2026 [#### Privileged File System Vulnerability Present in a SCADA System](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/iconics-suite-cve-2025-0921/) * [CVE-2025-0921](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2025-0921/ "CVE-2025-0921") * [Privilege escalation](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/privilege-escalation/ "privilege escalation") * [SCADA](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/scada/ "SCADA") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/iconics-suite-cve-2025-0921/ "Privileged File System Vulnerability Present in a SCADA System") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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