[![Logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/PANW_Parent.png)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/) [![Unit42 Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/unit42-logo-white.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/) Menu * [Tools](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tools/) * [ATOMs](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atoms/) * [Security Consulting](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42) * [About Us](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/about-unit-42/) * [**Under Attack?**](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html) English * [English](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ironnetinjector/) * [Japanese](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ja/ironnetinjector/) * [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/ "Threat Research") * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/ "Malware") [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/) # IronNetInjector: Turla's New Malware Loading Tool ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 10 min read Related Products [![Advanced WildFire icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced WildFire](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-wildfire/ "Advanced WildFire")[![Cortex XDR icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cortex_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Cortex XDR](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/cortex-xdr/ "Cortex XDR") * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Dominik Reichel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/dominik-reichel/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:February 19, 2021 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/) * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [.NET Framework](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/net-framework/) * [ComRAT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/comrat/) * [IronNetInjector](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ironnetinjector/) * [IronPython](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ironpython/) * [Pensive Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/pensive-ursa/) * [RPC Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/rpc-backdoor/) * [Turla](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/turla/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ironnetinjector/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=279fa6c5e6 "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ironnetinjector/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=279fa6c5e6 "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)](mailto:?subject=IronNetInjector:%20Turla’s%20New%20Malware%20Loading%20Tool&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fironnetinjector%2F "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fironnetinjector%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fironnetinjector%2F&title=IronNetInjector:%20Turla’s%20New%20Malware%20Loading%20Tool "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fironnetinjector%2F&text=IronNetInjector:%20Turla’s%20New%20Malware%20Loading%20Tool "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fironnetinjector%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=IronNetInjector:%20Turla’s%20New%20Malware%20Loading%20Tool%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fironnetinjector%2F "Share in Mastodon") ## Executive Summary In recent years, more and more ready-made malware is released on software development hosting sites available for everybody to use -- including threat actors. This not only saves the bad guys development time, but also makes it much easier for them to find new ideas to prevent detection of their malware. Unit 42 researchers have found several malicious [IronPython](https://ironpython.net/) scripts whose purpose is to load and run [Turla's](https://malpedia.caad.fkie.fraunhofer.de/actor/turla_group) malware tools on a victim's system. The use of IronPython for malicious purposes [isn't new](https://blog.ptsecurity.com/2019/07/ironpython-darkly-how-we-uncovered.html), but the way Turla uses it *is* new. The overall method is known as Bring Your Own Interpreter (BYOI). It describes the use of an interpreter, not present on a system by default, to run malicious code of an interpreted programming or scripting language. The first malicious IronPython scripts of the tool we describe here were discovered last year by a [security researcher](https://twitter.com/Int2e_/status/1300380799334854658) from FireEye. At the beginning of this year, another [security researcher](https://twitter.com/DrunkBinary/status/1349759986595995653) from Dragos pointed out some new scripts of the same threat actor uploaded to VirusTotal from two different submitters. We found that one of the submitters also uploaded two other samples, which are most likely embedded payloads of one of the IronPython scripts. These samples helped us to understand how this tool works, what malware it loads and which threat actor uses it. While the IronPython scripts are only the first part of the tool, the main task of loading malware is done by an embedded process injector. We dubbed this toolchain IronNetInjector, the blend of IronPython and the injector's internal project name NetInjector. In this blog, we describe the IronPython scripts and how they're used to load one or more payloads with the help of an injector. Palo Alto Networks customers are protected from this threat through [WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/wildfire) and [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr). [AutoFocus](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/autofocus) customers can investigate this activity with the tag "IronNetInjector". ## What Is IronPython? First, let's take a look at what IronPython is and why it was chosen as a loading vector. In the words of the IronPython team: IronPython is an open-source implementation of the Python programming language which is tightly integrated with the .NET Framework. IronPython can use the .NET Framework and Python libraries, and other .NET languages can use Python code just as easily. And further: IronPython's sweet-spot is being able to use the .NET framework APIs directly from Python. With IronPython, you can use .NET framework APIs directly in your Python script. It is a Python interpreter written entirely in C#. Currently, it fully supports Python 2, while support for Python 3 is still in development. As one of two official projects formerly developed by Microsoft, the other being [IronRuby](https://ironruby.net/), it uses the [Dynamic Language Runtime](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/reflection-and-codedom/dynamic-language-runtime-overview) (DLR). Now, it becomes clear why IronPython is also attractive for malware authors. You can make use of the .NET framework APIs without having to compile a .NET assembly. Of course, this requires the IronPython interpreter to also be present on the system, but that can be accomplished in different ways. Also, IronPython scripts don't run with the original Python interpreter when .NET framework APIs are used in the code. In case of a sandbox that supports Python scripts, the interpreter would simply crash without any dynamic analysis result. Further, as IronPython is written in C# and thus its process contains all the [Common Language Runtime](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/clr) (CLR) on execution, one can easily load additional assemblies. ## IronNetInjector IronNetInjector is made of an IronPython script that contains a .NET injector and one or more payloads. The payloads can be also .NET assemblies (x86/64) or native PEs (x86/64). When an IronPython script is run, the .NET injector gets loaded, which in turn injects the payload(s) into its own or a remote process. The key features of the malicious IronPython scripts are as follows: * Function and variable names are obfuscated. * Strings are encrypted. * Contain an encrypted .NET injector and one or more encrypted PE payloads. * Take one argument that is the decryption key for the embedded .NET injector and PE payload(s). * Embedded .NET injector and payload(s) are encoded with Base64 and encrypted with Rijndael. * Log messages are written to %PUBLIC%\\Metadata.dat * Error messages are written to %PUBLIC%\\Metaclass.dat The following screenshot shows one of the IronPython scripts decoded: ![Figure 1. Decoded IronPython script with embedded .NET injector and ComRAT payload (both shortened).](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/word-image-79.png) Figure 1. Decoded IronPython script with embedded .NET injector and ComRAT payload (both shortened). We have found two versions of the .NET injector, a newer variant internally named NetInjector compiled in 2019 and an earlier variant named PeInjector\_x64 compiled in 2018. The earlier variant is much more limited in functionality compared to the 2019 variant. Both versions are full-blown PE injection tools able to load a native x86/64 payload reflectively into a remote process. This is accomplished via unmanaged functions and the use of [PeNet](https://github.com/secana/PeNet), a publicly available PE parser library written in C#. The decompiled code is self-explanatory as meaningful function, method and variable names are used throughout the code. Additionally, log and error messages are being used extensively. Most of the code of the 2018 variant is taken from PowerShell Empire's [ReflectivePEInjection](https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/management/Invoke-ReflectivePEInjection.ps1) script and got translated into C#. It's written in a much more specific manner than the 2019 variant, which is a generically written injection tool. The newer version additionally contains the ability to inject .NET assemblies into unmanaged processes. Also, it can load payloads into its own process space, the IronPython interpreter process. The newer injector has the following PDB path left: C:\\Users\\Devel\\source\\repos\\c4\\agent\\build\_tools\\agent\_dll\_to\_Python\_loader\\NetInjector\\NetInjector\\obj\\Release\\NetInjector.pdb The same submitters who uploaded the IronPython scripts also submitted other files which are directly related to IronNetInjector. Based on the file sizes and the file sizes of the embedded payloads in the IronPython scripts, we can make some assumptions about what the payloads likely are. The following table shows the IronPython scripts categorized by the different VirusTotal submitters. It also shows which other samples uploaded by the same submitter or the other submitters are connected and gives the assumed embedded malware: |---------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Submitter** | **IronPython script(s) uploads** | **Related samples uploaded by same submitter** | **Payload assumptions** | | 1 | • prophile.py • profilec.py | • IronPython-2.7.7z: Portable IronPython version that contains the two IronPython scripts and a Windows task XML to start profilec.py | • prophile.py: .NET injector (variant 2018) + RPC backdoor variant • profilec.py: .NET injector (variant 2019) + ComRAT variant | | 2 | • profile.py | - | • profile.py: .NET injector (variant 2019) + ComRAT variant | | 3 | • 10profilec.py • 120profilec.py • 220profile.py | - | • 10profilec.py: .NET injector (variant 2018) + ComRAT variant • 120profilec.py: .NET injector (variant 2019) + ComRAT variant • 220profile.py: .NET injector (variant 2018) + Unknown | | 4 | • profilec.py | • NetInjector.dll: .NET injector (variant 2019), most likely embedded .NET injector in profilec.py of same submitter • payload.exe: ComRAT v4 variant (DLL), most likely embedded in profilec.py of same submitter | - | | 5 | - | • part\_1.data: .NET injector (variant 2018), most likely embedded in prophile.py of submitter 1 • part\_2.data: RPC backdoor variant, most likely embedded in prophile.py of submitter 1 • part\_3.data: RPC backdoor variant, most likely embedded in prophile.py of submitter 1 | - | ^*Table 1. Categorized IronPython samples according to VirusTotal submitters and their assumed payloads.*^ It becomes clear that IronNetInjector is mostly used to load [ComRAT](https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/26/agentbtz-comratv4-ten-year-journey/). In one case, a variant of the RPC backdoor is used and in another a payload that we couldn't associate with known malware. We also couldn't verify how the IronPython scripts get run in the first place. One of the submitters uploaded a 7-Zip archive with the contents of the IronPython MSI file of version 2.7.0.40 from 2011. This archive also contains two IronPython scripts (see table) and a Windows task XML file named mssch.xml with the following content: ![Figure 2. Windows task XML file for IronNetInjector.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/word-image-80.png) Figure 2. Windows task XML file for IronNetInjector. The task is used to start an IronPython script with the 64-bit version of the interpreter. As a command line argument, the Rijndael decryption key is passed. However, the key didn't decrypt on any of the embedded files in the scripts we found. The task's description is PythonUpdateSrvc and it runs either on Windows startup when a user logs in or when one of two system events get created: ![Figure 3. IronNetInjector task triggers.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/word-image-81.png) Figure 3. IronNetInjector task triggers. Depending on the system, the event with ID 8001 belongs to Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS), Microsoft Exchange Server or Windows Server (Source: [Netsurion EventTracker](https://kb.eventtracker.com/)). The other event with ID 5324 is likely related to the logoff from Winlogon. Both triggers only happen when these events appear in the Microsoft-Windows-GroupPolicy(/Operational) event logs. When we consider that the files in the 7-Zip archive were all taken from the same directory, we can make some assumptions. The attacker might have used the IronPython MSI to install the interpreter to C:\\ProgramData\\IronPython-2.7 on the victim's system. The IronPython scripts and the Windows task XML were placed in the same directory. The task file is then used to create a task which in turn starts a script when triggered. However, it's also possible that the submitter collected the files from different places and just bundled them into an archive for scanning purposes. It's also unclear why the attacker would use such an old version of IronPython. ## A Brief Walkthrough Let's go briefly through the execution flow based on one of the scripts of VirusTotal submitter 4 that contains the 2019 variant of the injector and a ComRAT variant (SHA256: 3aa37559ef282ee3ee67c4a61ce4786e38d5bbe19bdcbeae0ef504d79be752b6). When an IronPython script is run, it is loaded into the IronPython interpreter. In the IronPython script, the embedded .NET injector (SHA256: a56f69726a237455bac4c9ac7a20398ba1f50d2895e5b0a8ac7f1cdb288c32cc) and ComRAT DLL payload (SHA256: a62e1a866bc248398b6abe48fdb44f482f91d19ccd52d9447cda9bc074617d56) get decoded and decrypted. This is done with the Python Base64 module and the RijndaelManaged class from the C# cryptography namespace. The decryption key is passed as an argument to the IronPython script. The Rijndael initialization vector (IV) is stored in the script. Next, the .NET injector gets loaded into the IronPython process with the help of the Assembly.Load() method of the C# Reflection namespace. That's possible because IronPython itself is a .NET assembly and thus its process already contains all the .NET runtime libraries. After the injector assembly is loaded, the ID of the process where the ComRAT DLL gets injected is retrieved. In this case, the explorer.exe was chosen. This routine to get the PID slightly differs in the IronPython scripts we found. While one script uses the C# method GetProcessesByName() to get the PID, the other scripts run the Windows tool tasklist.exe with the help of the Python os.popen() function. The output is then parsed to the targeted process ID with the help of tasklist filters. Also, some scripts filter the PID based on a Windows service name. When the PID is found, an instance of the injector assembly is created and the ComRAT payload bytes and PID are passed. ![Figure 4. PID retrieval function variations in the different IronPython scripts.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/word-image-82.png) Figure 4. PID retrieval function variations in the different IronPython scripts. Finally, the injector's public methods Invoke() and InvokeVoid() get called. In the latter, the exported function name VFEP of the ComRAT payload gets passed. From this point on, the .NET injector takes control over the further execution. The .NET injector contains the following namespaces: * DefaultSerializer * PeNet * PeNet.Parser * PeNet.Structures * PeNet.Structures.MetaDataTables * PeNet.Structures.MetaDataTables.Parsers * PeNet.Utilities While the PeNet code is copied from the project, the namespace DefaultSerializer contains the injector code and is made of the following classes: * DefaultSerializer: Contains the injector code. * NetBootstrapper: Contains 32-/64-bit bootstrappers to load an assembly into an unmanaged process. * Win32: Contains the imported unmanaged function declarations and win32 structures/constants. The DefaultSerializer class exposes four public methods: * InjectAssembly * Invoke * InvokeAssemblyMethod * InvokeVoid These methods are used pairwise. The method InjectAssembly is used to inject a .NET assembly into a native process (or its own) and InvokeAssemblyMethod to call any chosen method of the injected assembly. The method Invoke is used to inject a native PE into a remote process and InvokeVoid to call any exported function of the injected payload. ![Figure 5. Decompiled NetInjector code.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/word-image-83.png) Figure 5. Decompiled NetInjector code. Depending on the number of arguments passed to DefaultSerializer on creation time, the payload is either loaded into its own process or a remote one. In case only the payload bytes are passed, it gets loaded into its own process space. The other options are to also pass the ID or handle of the remote process the payload gets injected to. In our case, the second option is used with the PID of explorer.exe to load the ComRAT payload reflectively into the process. One other interesting aspect of the injector is its ability to load an assembly into an unmanaged process. This needs some preparation in the remote process, as you cannot simply load and execute a .NET assembly there if the CLR isn't present. This is accomplished with a native bootstrapper DLL, which gets injected into the remote process and prepares it so a .NET assembly can be injected afterwards. There are two bootstrappers (x86/64) contained in the NetBootstrapper class, which have the following PDB paths left: F:\\Dev\\NetInjector\\bin\\Release\\NetBootstrapper\_Win32.pdb F:\\Dev\\NetInjector\\bin\\Release\\NetBootstrapper\_x64.pdb Just like the injector itself, the bootstrappers contain meaningful function names (exported functions) and useful log messages. It uses the following exported functions: * Bootstrap: Load CLR services into process. * GetMethodResult: Get method result from InvokeMethod. * InvokeMethod: Call method of injected assembly passed as a parameter. * LoadAssembly: Load .NET assembly passed as a parameter. * StartClrRuntime: Same as Bootstrap. These functions are called from the injector to prepare and load a .NET assembly payload from the IronPython script into a remote process. In all the IronPython scripts we found, only the native payload to native remote process injection option is used. ## Conclusion IronNetInjector is another toolset in Turla's ever-growing arsenal, made of an IronPython script and an injector. It's similar in structure to the previously used in-memory loading mechanism to execute malware with the help of [PowerShell scripts](https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/29/turla-powershell-usage/). These scripts contain an embedded PE loader to execute an embedded malware payload. The tool we discussed in this blogpost was likely developed to move away from PowerShell towards .NET. This general trend can be seen in recent years as detection of Powershell based threats became better, but also due to security mechanisms like [AMSI](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/amsi/antimalware-scan-interface-portal) introduced by Microsoft. The .NET injectors and bootstrappers contain clean code and meaningful function/method/variable names, and they use detailed log/error messages. Only the initial IronPython scripts are obfuscated to prevent easy detection. There are still some questions we need answers for, such as what other samples get loaded beside ComRAT and the RPC backdoor? How do the IronPython scripts get run? And how is the interpreter deployed to a victim's system? We will continue to monitor for this malware loading tool to get the missing pieces of the puzzle. Palo Alto Networks customers are protected from this malware tool. Our threat prevention platform WildFire detects it as malicious. Our extended detection and response platform Cortex XDR can identify and block the malware execution. AutoFocus customers can track the activity with the tag "IronNetInjector". ## Indicators of Compromise #### **IronPython scripts** b641687696b66e6e820618acc4765162298ba3e9106df4ef44b2218086ce8040 (prophile.py, submitter 1) c430ebab4bf827303bc4ad95d40eecc7988bdc17cc139c8f88466bc536755d4e (profilec.py, submitter 1) c1b8ecce81cf4ff45d9032dc554efdc7a1ab776a2d24fdb34d1ffce15ef61aad (profile.py, submitter 2) 8df0c705da0eab20ba977b608f5a19536e53e89b14e4a7863b7fd534bd75fd72 (10profilec.py, submitter 3) b5b4d06e1668d11114b99dbd267cde784d33a3f546993d09ede8b9394d90ebb3 (120profilec.py, submitter 3) b095fd3bd3ed8be178dafe47fc00c5821ea31d3f67d658910610a06a1252f47d (220profile.py, submitter 3) 3aa37559ef282ee3ee67c4a61ce4786e38d5bbe19bdcbeae0ef504d79be752b6 (profilec.py, submitter 4) #### **Injector samples** a56f69726a237455bac4c9ac7a20398ba1f50d2895e5b0a8ac7f1cdb288c32cc (2019 variant, submitter 4) c59fadeb8f58bbdbd73d9a2ac0d889d1a0a06295f1b914c0bd5617cfb1a08ce9 (2018 variant, submitter 5) #### **Bootstrapper samples** 63d7695dabefb97aa30cbe522647c95395b44321e1a3b08b8028e4000d1be15e ba17af72a9d90822eed447b8526fb68963f0cde78df07c16902dc5a0c44536c4 #### **Related samples** 82333533f7f7cb4123bceee76358b36d4110e03c2219b80dced5a4d63424cc93 (IronPython-2.7.7z, submitter 1) a62e1a866bc248398b6abe48fdb44f482f91d19ccd52d9447cda9bc074617d56 (ComRAT v4 variant, submitter 4) 18c173433daafcc3aea17fc4f7792d0ff235f4075a00feda88aa1c9f8f6e1746 (RPC backdoor variant, submitter 5) a64e79a81b5089084ff88e3f4130e9d5fa75e732a1d310a1ae8de767cbbab061 (RPC backdoor variant, submitter 5) Back to top ### Tags * [.NET Framework](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/net-framework/ ".NET Framework") * [ComRAT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/comrat/ "ComRAT") * [IronNetInjector](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ironnetinjector/ "IronNetInjector") * [IronPython](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ironpython/ "IronPython") * [Pensive Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/pensive-ursa/ "Pensive Ursa") * [RPC Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/rpc-backdoor/ "RPC Backdoor") * [Turla](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/turla/ "Turla") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: WatchDog: Exposing a Cryptojacking Campaign That's Operated for Two Years](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/watchdog-cryptojacking/ "WatchDog: Exposing a Cryptojacking Campaign That’s Operated for Two Years") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [Threat Actor Groups Tracked by Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 (Updated Aug. 1, 2025)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-actor-groups-tracked-by-palo-alto-networks-unit-42/ "article - table of contents") * [New Tool Set Found Used Against Organizations in the Middle East, Africa and the US](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-toolset-targets-middle-east-africa-usa/ "article - table of contents") * [Over the Kazuar's Nest: Cracking Down on a Freshly Hatched Backdoor Used by Pensive Ursa (Aka Turla)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/pensive-ursa-uses-upgraded-kazuar-backdoor/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Malware Resources ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 10, 2026 [#### The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE") ![Pictorial representation of a pay-per-install threat group campaign prodiving infection service for spreading malware. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/) * [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel") * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2") * [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America") ![Pictorial representation of vishing campaigns in Microsoft Teams. A digital image of a skull formed by blue binary code on a black background, with scattered ones and zeros and digital noise, symbolizes how stealthy prompt injection attacks can exploit AI logic to bypass security controls.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/01_Malware_Category_1920x900-5-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 31, 2026 [#### Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/) * [Cloaked Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloaked-ursa/ "Cloaked Ursa") * [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID") * [Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-teams/ "Microsoft Teams") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled malware. A vibrant digital interface displaying various icons and graphs, resembling a futuristic network or data analysis dashboard. The scene is illuminated with glowing lights and patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1270203474-2-1-786x368.png) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 25, 2026 [#### The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/) * [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor") * [Bitcoin](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bitcoin/ "Bitcoin") * [DLL hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-hijacking/ "DLL hijacking") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/ "The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution") ![Pictorial representation of identity abuse through trusted communication channels. Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/) * [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication") * [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft") * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/malware/ "malware") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels") ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. Digital screen with a warning sign reading "Malware." The background features lines of computer code and graphics, creating a sense of cybersecurity threat.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/07_Malware_Category_1920x900-3-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 11, 2026 [#### Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/) * [Android APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android-apk/ "Android APK") * [Ethereum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ethereum/ "Ethereum") * [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/ "HTTP") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet") ![Pictorial representatiom pf Aeternum's blockchain C2. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/) * [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum") * [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications") ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/) * [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain") * [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm") ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/) * [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API") * [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway") * [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. Subscribe today. Your Email Subscribe for email updates to all Unit 42 threat research. By submitting this form, you agree to our [Terms of Use](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/terms-of-use "Terms of Use") and acknowledge our [Privacy Statement.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/privacy "Privacy Statement") This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google [Privacy Policy](https://policies.google.com/privacy) and [Terms of Service](https://policies.google.com/terms) apply. Invalid captcha! Subscribe ![Right Arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/right-arrow.svg) ![loader](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-loader.svg) {#footer} Products and Services * [AI-Powered Network Security Platform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security) * [Secure AI by Design](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security) * [Prisma AIRS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security/prisma-airs) * [AI Access Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/ai-access-security) * [Cloud Delivered Security Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/security-subscriptions) * [Advanced Threat Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention) * [Advanced URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering) * [Advanced WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-wildfire) * [Advanced DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-dns-security) * [Enterprise Data Loss Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention) * [Enterprise IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/enterprise-device-security) * [Medical IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/medical-device-security) * [Industrial OT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/ot-security-solution) * [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/saas-security) * [Next-Generation Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/next-generation-firewall) * [Hardware Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/hardware-firewall-innovations) * [Software Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/software-firewalls) * [Strata Cloud Manager](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/strata-cloud-manager) * [SD-WAN for NGFW](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/sd-wan-subscription) * [PAN-OS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/pan-os) * [Panorama](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/panorama) * [Secure Access Service Edge](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase) * [Prisma SASE](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase) * [Application Acceleration](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/app-acceleration) * [Autonomous Digital Experience Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/adem) * [Enterprise DLP](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention) * [Prisma Access](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/access) * [Prisma Browser](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/prisma-browser) * [Prisma SD-WAN](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/sd-wan) * [Remote Browser Isolation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/remote-browser-isolation) * [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/saas-security) * [AI-Driven Security Operations Platform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex) * [Cloud Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud) * [Cortex Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud) * [Application Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/application-security) * [Cloud Posture Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-posture-security) * [Cloud Runtime Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/runtime-security) * [Prisma Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/cloud) * [AI-Driven SOC](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex) * [Cortex XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsiam) * [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr) * [Cortex XSOAR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsoar) * [Cortex Xpanse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse) * [Unit 42 Managed Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-detection-and-response) * [Managed XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-xsiam) * [Next-Generation Identity Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira) * [Privileged Access Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/privileged-access-management) * [Identity and Access Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/identity-and-access-management) * [Endpoint Privilege Manager](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/endpoint-privilege-manager) * [Identity Governance](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/identity-governance) * [Workforce Password Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/workforce-password-management) * [Agentic Identities](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/agentic) * [Secrets Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/machine/secrets-management) * [Unified Secrets Governance](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/machine/unified-secrets-governance) * [Application Credentials Delivery](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/machine/application-credentials-delivery) * [Vendor Privileged Access](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/vendor-privileged-access) * [Threat Intel and Incident Response Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42) * [Prepare for Emerging Risks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/frontier-ai-defense) * [Strengthen Your Defenses](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/strengthen-your-defenses) * [Build Your Security Strategy](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/build-your-security-strategy) * [Understand the Adversary](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/threat-intelligence) * [Respond to a Cyber Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond) Company * [About Us](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us) * [Careers](https://jobs.paloaltonetworks.com/en/) * [Contact Us](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/contact-sales) * [Corporate Responsibility](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/corporate-responsibility) * [Customers](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/customers) * [Investor Relations](https://investors.paloaltonetworks.com/) * [Location](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/locations) * [Newsroom](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/newsroom) Popular Links * [Blog](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/) * [Communities](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/communities) * [Content Library](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources) * [Cyberpedia](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia) * [Event Center](https://events.paloaltonetworks.com/) * [Manage Email Preferences](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/preference-center) * [Products A-Z](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/products-a-z) * [Product Certifications](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/trust-center/certifications) * [Report a Vulnerability](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/security-disclosure) * [Sitemap](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sitemap) * [Tech Docs](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/) * [Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/) * [Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information](https://panwedd.exterro.net/portal/dsar.htm?target=panwedd) ![Palo Alto Networks Logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/pan-logo-dark.svg) * [Privacy](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/privacy) * [Trust Center](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/trust-center) * [Terms of Use](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/terms-of-use) * [Documents](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal) Copyright © 2026 Palo Alto Networks. All Rights Reserved * [![Youtube](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/social/youtube-black.svg)](https://www.youtube.com/user/paloaltonetworks) * [![Podcast](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/icons/podcast.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/podcasts/threat-vector) * [![Facebook](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/social/facebook-black.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/PaloAltoNetworks/) * [![LinkedIn](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/social/linkedin-black.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/company/palo-alto-networks) * [![Twitter](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/social/twitter-x-black.svg)](https://twitter.com/PaloAltoNtwks) * EN Select your language ![Play](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/player-play-icon.svg) ![Pause](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/player-pause-icon1.svg) ![Minimize](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-minimize.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ### Default Heading Read the article ![Right Arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/right-arrow.svg) Seekbar ![Play](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/player-play-icon.svg) ![Pause](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/player-pause-icon1.svg) ![Volume](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-volume.svg) Volume ![Minimize](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-minimize.svg)