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Meddler-in-the-Middle Phishing Attacks Explained ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 10 min read Related Products [![Advanced URL Filtering icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced URL Filtering](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-url-filtering/ "Advanced URL Filtering") * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Lucas Hu](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/lucas-hu/) * [Howard Tong](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/howard-tong/) * [Suiqiang Deng](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/suiqiang-deng/) * [Alex Starov](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/alex-starov/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:December 21, 2022 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/) * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [Credential theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/credential-theft/) * [Evilginx](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/evilginx/) * [MitM](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/mitm/) * [Phishing](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/phishing/) * [Phishing Kit](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/phishing-kit/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/meddler-phishing-attacks/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=279fa6c5e6 "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/meddler-phishing-attacks/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=279fa6c5e6 "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)](mailto:?subject=Meddler-in-the-Middle%20Phishing%20Attacks%20Explained&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmeddler-phishing-attacks%2F "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmeddler-phishing-attacks%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmeddler-phishing-attacks%2F&title=Meddler-in-the-Middle%20Phishing%20Attacks%20Explained "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmeddler-phishing-attacks%2F&text=Meddler-in-the-Middle%20Phishing%20Attacks%20Explained "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmeddler-phishing-attacks%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=Meddler-in-the-Middle%20Phishing%20Attacks%20Explained%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmeddler-phishing-attacks%2F "Share in Mastodon") ## Executive Summary We've probably all received advice for how to avoid phishing, such as to be on the lookout for spelling errors or other mistakes that would alert us to the presence of fraudsters. However, this advice is only helpful for traditional phishing techniques. Meddler in the Middle (MitM) phishing attacks show how threat actors find ways to get around traditional defenses and advice. MitM phishing attacks are a state-of-the-art type of phishing attack capable of breaking two-factor authentication (2FA) while avoiding many content-based phishing detection engines. Rather than showing a spoofed version of a target login page, a MitM attack uses a reverse-proxy server to relay the original login page directly to the user's browser. As of November 2022, several phishing attacks have used MitM tactics to compromise business email accounts and to successfully steal organizations' confidential information. There are several popular MitM phishing toolkits that make it easy for hackers to launch their own MitM phishing attacks in just a few clicks. These toolkits are continually expanding their sets of features while simultaneously becoming more intuitive and easy to use. Many already employ sophisticated cloaking techniques, allowing them to evade detection by traditional phishing detection systems. As such, we expect that the prevalence of these MitM phishing attacks will continue to rise in the near future. Palo Alto Networks customers receive protection from the attacks discussed in this blog through Advanced URL Filtering by blocking MitM phishing pages in real time. |------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Related Unit 42 Topics | [Phishing](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/phishing/), [Credential Theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/credential-theft/) | ## Introduction: Traditional Phishing Attacks The purpose of a phishing attack is to set up a false login page to trick users into entering their login credentials. In traditional phishing attacks, attackers will usually create their own phishing page to mimic a legitimate login page. They might host this either on a newly created domain, compromise a legitimate domain and host their phishing page on this domain, or use an existing [SaaS platform](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/platform-abuse-phishing/) to host their phishing content. "[Phishing kits](https://www.techrepublic.com/article/cybercriminals-phishing-kits-credential-theft/)" simplify the process of creating and deploying phishing attacks by providing a set of programs and/or scripts that allow even inexperienced cybercriminals to launch their own phishing attacks. These kits often employ templated webpages that mimic targeted companies' actual login pages. Web-based phishing-as a-service (PhaaS) platforms such as [Caffeine](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/caffeine-phishing-service-platform) (shown in Figure 1) and [Robin Banks](https://thehackernews.com/2022/07/researchers-warns-of-increase-in.html) go one step further by providing easy-to-use interfaces that allow threat actors to configure and deploy phishing attacks. ![Image 1 is a screenshot of the Phishing-as-a-Service platform caffeine, which provides features and tools for threat actors at cost.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/word-image-50.png) Figure 1. The homepage for Caffeine, a phishing-as-a-service (PhaaS) platform first revealed in October 2022. In traditional phishing attacks, the phishing page is typically hosted directly on the malicious or compromised server, and might not necessarily be a perfect replica of a legitimate login page. For example, if an attacker were to create a phishing page mimicking a GitHub login, they might not care to recreate all the various other features surrounding the core login feature, such as the "Forgot My Password" link. An expert or careful observer might be able to notice subtle discrepancies between the legitimate GitHub login page and the spoofed phishing page and realize that the spoofed page is illegitimate. Figure 2 shows an example of how phishing pages can differ from the original target login page. Similarly, automated content-based phishing prevention engines might notice that these illegitimate login pages contain signs of suspicious content (such as broken links or misspellings) and flag them as a possible phishing site. ![Image 2 is a screenshot comparing two Microsoft login pages. The image on the left is a fake login page that does not use the correct fonts, but the look itself is very close to a real login page and includes Microsoft's logo. The image on the right is the authentic login page as of late November 2022.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/word-image-51.png) Figure 2. Left: An example of a spoofed Microsoft login page used in a phishing attack. Right: Original Microsoft login page, as of Nov. 21, 2022. Even with these flaws, the sheer number of recipients in these phishing campaigns mean that some targets could still fall victim to these attacks. [Two-factor authentication](https://www.cisa.gov/mfa) (2FA), aka multifactor authentication (MFA), has become an increasingly popular way of adding an additional layer of security to protect against successful phishing attacks. An example of 2FA in action is when, in addition to requiring a username and password, a legitimate login site also requires an additional form of authentication such as a one-time password (OTP) sent to the user's registered email address. Even if an attacker were to gain access to a victim's username and password via a successful phishing attack, they would not be able to log in as that user, because they would not be able to retrieve the OTP that would be sent during the malicious login attempt. ## MitM Phishing Attacks MitM phishing attacks are a new type of phishing attack that bypasses both content-based defenses and 2FA. Unlike traditional phishing attacks, which show a separate but spoofed version of a legitimate login page, MitM attacks show the user the *exact same content* that they would see on the legitimate login page. Instead of hosting a replica of a legitimate login page, MitM servers simply *take the content rendered on the legitimate site* and *relay it to the end user*, as shown in Figure 3. In other words, MitM servers act as a [proxy](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-proxy-server) between the target and the legitimate login page. When the target enters their credentials into the proxied page, the MitM server stores the credentials away and forwards them to the legitimate login page, resulting in a successful login attempt. From the victim's perspective, everything appears as if they had logged in to the legitimate page itself. Furthermore, both connections (MitM server to legitimate site, and victim to MitM server) are served via the [HTTPS](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ssl/what-is-https/) protocol, so the victim will see that the connection is "secure" according to the padlock icon in the web browser's address bar. ![Image 3 is a visual representation of a Meddler-in-the-Middle phishing attack where the victim user is intercepted by the MITM phishing toolkit so the threat actor can then access the target web server.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/MitM-Figure-2-2.0-1.png) Figure 3. Visual representation of a MitM phishing attack (reproduced from [Catching Transparent Phish](https://catching-transparent-phish.github.io/)). Since the content shown to the target is exactly the same as the content that they would see on the legitimate login page, this proxy-based approach makes it much harder for victims to visually discern that something suspicious is happening, and makes it very difficult for content-based phishing detection engines to notice anything suspicious. To use a painting as an analogy, we can consider a traditional phishing attack to be like looking at a (potentially sloppy) replica of a $20 million Van Gogh painting made by a fraudulent artist. A MitM phishing attack is like viewing the original painting via a well-hidden mirror. MitM attacks have several other benefits in addition to cosmetic ones. For example, if the user has 2FA set up, this proxy-based approach allows the MitM server to automatically bypass this 2FA as well. After the MitM server forwards the username and password to the legitimate site, the legitimate site will then follow its normal behavior of sending an OTP to their client. The target -- if tricked -- will then input the one-time password into the MitM phishing page. This allows the MitM server to relay the password to the legitimate site, thereby fully completing the login attempt. At this point, the MitM server would receive a real session cookie from the legitimate site. This persistent login allows the victim to continue to browse the site apparently as normal (though still via the attacker's web server), further perpetuating the phishing attack's air of legitimacy. ## MitM Phishing Attacks in the Real World At the time of writing, there are several tools that make it easy for hackers to deploy their own MitM phishing attacks in just a few clicks. Similar to traditional phishing kits, these MitM phishing kits provide a set of scripts -- or in some cases, even graphical user interfaces (GUIs) -- that make it easy for attackers to configure and launch MitM phishing attacks. In Table 1, we introduce some of the more popular MitM phishing kits available at the time of writing. Each of these kits employ the core tactic of relaying the original login page to the victim's browser, but they differ in their implementation details and additional features (e.g., cloaking and TLS certificate generation). For example, Evilginx2 generates unique tokenized URLs (aka "lures") that must be directly visited to show the phishing content. Requests to any other path result in a redirect to a benign site. |-----------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Name** | **First Released/Reported** | **Description** | | Evilginx2 | July 2018 (first version released May 2017) | Feature-rich MitM phishing kit with an easy-to-use command-line interface. Has cloaking features built in. Generates unique tokens (lures) that must be present in the URL to reveal the phishing content. The command-line interface for this tool is shown in Figure 4. | | Modlishka | January 2019 | Automates several configuration steps and post-compromise actions, such as launching an instrumented Chrome instance with the stolen session cookie. | | Muraena | May 2019 | Barebones MitM toolkit. Unlike some other toolkits that automatically create TLS certificates, Muraena requires the attacker to provide their own certificate. | | EvilnoVNC | September 2022 | Uses a real web browser to render the login page on the attack server, and serves the content to the victim's browser via VNC. | | EvilProxy | September 2022 | Phishing-as-a-service platform for MitM phishing attacks. Provides an easy-to-use GUI for threat actors to set up and manage their own MitM phishing campaigns. | *Table 1. Breakdown of popular MitM phishing kits.* ![Image 4 is a screenshot of the website offering the phishing kit Evilginx2.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/word-image-53.png) Figure 4. Screenshot demonstrating the use of the Evilginx2 command-line interface to launch and execute a MitM phishing attack. Before this year, MitM-related tactics had already been used to successfully [impersonate large software organizations](https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/nsa-disguised-itself-as-google-to-spy-say-reports/), expose [hundreds of millions of users' personal data](https://www.fastcompany.com/40468811/heres-why-equifax-yanked-its-apps-from-apple-and-google-last-week), and [steal millions of dollars](https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/how-attackers-used-look-alike-domains-to-steal-1-million-from-a-chinese-vc) from up-and-coming startups. However, these attacks did not necessarily use phishing *per se* as their primary attack vector. Now, MitM-based phishing attacks have started to take center stage. ### Mid-2022 MitM Phishing Campaign In July 2022, [Microsoft reported a phishing campaign](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/07/12/from-cookie-theft-to-bec-attackers-use-aitm-phishing-sites-as-entry-point-to-further-financial-fraud/?ranMID=24542&ranEAID=TnL5HPStwNw&ranSiteID=TnL5HPStwNw-hWWuiUejiRHi.d0nVPyOnQ&epi=TnL5HPStwNw-hWWuiUejiRHi.d0nVPyOnQ&irgwc=1&OCID=AID2200057_aff_7593_1243925&tduid=%28ir__mcxrmgrmqskfb2jry9um3yf93v2xc0bmfyzenl0100%29%287593%29%281243925%29%28TnL5HPStwNw-hWWuiUejiRHi.d0nVPyOnQ%29%28%29&irclickid=_mcxrmgrmqskfb2jry9um3yf93v2xc0bmfyzenl0100) using Evilginx2 to steal targets' Microsoft credentials. The campaign sent emails to potential victims prompting them to download an important attachment. After opening the attachment and routing through a series of redirects, the victim would arrive at a MitM phishing page like that shown in Figure 5. After the attackers successfully intercept an authentication cookie, they would log on to the compromised Outlook account and continually search for finance-related emails and attachments in order to find opportunities for payment fraud. ![Image 5 is a screenshot of a Microsoft login page reported by Microsoft in July 2022.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/word-image-54.png) Figure 5. MitM credential-stealing page that was a part of the campaign reported by Microsoft in July 2022. In an attempt to avoid detection, the campaign used a variety of cloaking techniques to ensure that the phishing content would only load if the victim had navigated to the page via the original HTML attachment. By the time Microsoft's threat intelligence article was published, more than 10,000 organizations had been targeted by this campaign over the span of several months. According to Palo Alto Networks [Advanced URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering) logs, our Advanced URL Filtering service had begun blocking web traffic to tokenized phishing URLs hosted on the attackers' domains (e.g., login\[.\]mcrsfts-passwdupdate\[.\]com/HMxVQmxZ) as early as September 2021. ### Late 2022 MitM Phishing Campaigns In [September 2022](https://github.blog/2022-09-21-security-alert-new-phishing-campaign-targets-github-users/), a separate campaign was found to be using MitM phishing tactics to steal targets' GitHub login credentials. Several domains were used to mimic a CircleCI login page, prompting victims to log in with their GitHub credentials (as shown in Figures 6 and 7). ![Image 6 is a screenshot mimicking the landing page for circle-ci. From this landing page the user would then have their credentials stolen after logging in.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/word-image-55.png) Figure 6. circle-ci\[.\]com. Example landing page for the September 2022 GitHub phishing campaign. Upon clicking "Log in with GitHub," the user would be shown a MitM credential stealing page which mirrored GitHub's actual login page. ![Image 7 is a screenshot continuing the credential stealing process started in image 6. It is a screenshot of the credential-stealing page after leaving the circle-ci page.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/word-image-56.png) Figure 7. MitM credential stealing page linked to by the webpage in the previous figure. The webpage is not hosted on the phishing server, but rather relayed from GitHub itself. For targets with OTP-based 2FA set up, the MitM server also prompted them to enter the OTP, which was then forwarded to GitHub, allowing for a successful login. From there, attackers would persist in their access by quickly creating personal access tokens (PATs) or adding their own SSH keys to the victim's account. That way, attackers would continue to have access to the compromised account even if the victim were to change their username and password. In [November 2022](https://venturebeat.com/security/dropbox-took-the-bait-in-recent-phishing-attack-of-employee-credentials/), it was revealed that Dropbox had fallen victim to a MitM phishing attack that allowed attackers to compromise and copy 130 private repositories. This shows that these MitM phishing attacks are already making a significant impact in the real world. In [Dropbox's response to this attack](https://dropbox.tech/security/a-recent-phishing-campaign-targeting-dropbox), they stated that they plan to move their 2FA protocols from OTP to WebAuthn, which is a more phishing-resistant form of 2FA. ### Present Day Phishing Activity In recent weeks, our Advanced URL Filtering service has been detecting more MitM phishing URLs, with enterprise logins like Microsoft 365 being prime targets (shown in Figures 8 and 9). ![Image 8 is a screenshot of a phishing URL that targeted Microsoft. It shows the Microsoft login page.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/word-image-57.png) Figure 8. -r-us\[.\]co\[.\]uk. A MitM phishing page targeting Microsoft, detected by our Advanced URL Filtering service. ![Image 9 is a screenshot of a phishing URL that targets Microsoft's online support page.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/word-image-58.png) Figure 9. microsoftonlinesupport\[.\]cf. A MitM phishing page targeting Microsoft 365, detected by our Advanced URL Filtering service. As MitM phishing kits grow in popularity and continue to expand their feature sets, we expect the prevalence of MitM phishing attacks to increase as well. Threat actors are already making strides in this direction. In fact, [Evilginx 3.0](https://twitter.com/mrgretzky/status/1573278583417610240?t=UghPLA7bzA6LH9nz0CqV7Q&s=19) is expected to be released in the near future, along with an online course on how to successfully execute a MitM phishing attack. ## Conclusion MitM phishing attacks have already resulted in significant real-world breaches, and are expected to rise in prevalence as MitM phishing toolkits continue to expand and evolve. As such, it becomes increasingly important for organizations to protect themselves from these sorts of cutting-edge phishing attacks. At the moment, actions that end users can take to protect themselves against MitM phishing attacks include: * Verifying the validity of a URL before inputting any credentials (e.g., ensure that a URL is really "github\[.\]com" and not something like "github-impersonator\[.\]org"). * Using a [password manager](https://www.howtogeek.com/451177/how-a-password-manager-protects-you-from-phishing/) to store and enter credentials. If you find yourself on a MitM phishing page hosted on a website that the password manager does not recognize, the password manager will warn you before entering your credentials. * Using more up-to-date MFA methods, such as [hardware security keys](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/securing-your-account-with-two-factor-authentication-2fa/configuring-two-factor-authentication#configuring-two-factor-authentication-using-a-security-key) or [WebAuthn](https://github.blog/2019-08-21-github-supports-webauthn-for-security-keys/') 2FA. Furthermore, customers who subscribe to Palo Alto Networks [Advanced URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering) service receive protection from MitM phishing attacks via our in-line phishing URL detection, including the MitM phishing URLs mentioned in this article. Advanced URL Filtering analyzes web traffic in real time to block attacks before they make their way to the target. That way, even if a MitM phishing attack uses cloaked URLs (as is the case with Evilginx2), Advanced URL Filtering can block the attack before credentials are stolen. ## Indicators of Compromise * mcrsfts-passwdupdate\[.\]com * circle-ci\[.\]com * infollnes-r-us\[.\]co\[.\]uk * microsoftonlinesupport\[.\]cf ## Additional Resources [What Is a Proxy Server](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-proxy-server) [Multifactor Authentication (CISA)](https://www.cisa.gov/mfa) [Legitimate SaaS Platforms Being Used to Host Phishing Attacks](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/platform-abuse-phishing/) [Catching Transparent Phish](https://catching-transparent-phish.github.io/) ## Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Wei Wang and Javier Wang for their guidance in researching for and writing this article. *Updated December 21, 2022 at 1:00 p.m. PT.* Back to top ### Tags * [Credential theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/credential-theft/ "credential theft") * [Evilginx](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/evilginx/ "Evilginx") * [MitM](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/mitm/ "MitM") * [Phishing](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/phishing/ "phishing") * [Phishing Kit](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/phishing-kit/ "Phishing Kit") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Russia's Trident Ursa (aka Gamaredon APT) Cyber Conflict Operations Unwavering Since Invasion of Ukraine](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/trident-ursa/ "Russia’s Trident Ursa (aka Gamaredon APT) Cyber Conflict Operations Unwavering Since Invasion of Ukraine") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [The Xcode Assassin Returns: A Deep Dive Into the Latest XCSSET Version](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/xcsset-v40-malware-analysis/ "article - table of contents") * [Russian Global Webmail Espionage](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/russian-webmail-espionage/ "article - table of contents") * [Phantom Squatting: AI-Hallucinated Domains as a Software Supply Chain Vector](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/phantom-squatting-hallucinated-web-domains/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Malware Resources ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 10, 2026 [#### The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE") ![Pictorial representation of a pay-per-install threat group campaign prodiving infection service for spreading malware. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/) * [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel") * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2") * [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America") ![Pictorial representation of vishing campaigns in Microsoft Teams. A digital image of a skull formed by blue binary code on a black background, with scattered ones and zeros and digital noise, symbolizes how stealthy prompt injection attacks can exploit AI logic to bypass security controls.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/01_Malware_Category_1920x900-5-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 31, 2026 [#### Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/) * [Cloaked Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloaked-ursa/ "Cloaked Ursa") * [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID") * [Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-teams/ "Microsoft Teams") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled malware. A vibrant digital interface displaying various icons and graphs, resembling a futuristic network or data analysis dashboard. The scene is illuminated with glowing lights and patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1270203474-2-1-786x368.png) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 25, 2026 [#### The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/) * [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor") * [Bitcoin](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bitcoin/ "Bitcoin") * [DLL hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-hijacking/ "DLL hijacking") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/ "The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution") ![Pictorial representation of identity abuse through trusted communication channels. Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/) * [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication") * [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft") * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/malware/ "malware") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels") ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. Digital screen with a warning sign reading "Malware." The background features lines of computer code and graphics, creating a sense of cybersecurity threat.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/07_Malware_Category_1920x900-3-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 11, 2026 [#### Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/) * [Android APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android-apk/ "Android APK") * [Ethereum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ethereum/ "Ethereum") * [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/ "HTTP") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet") ![Pictorial representatiom pf Aeternum's blockchain C2. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/) * [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum") * [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications") ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/) * [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain") * [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm") ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/) * [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API") * [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway") * [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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