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MILE TEA: Cyber Espionage Campaign Targets Asia Pacific Businesses and Government Agencies ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 9 min read * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Kaoru Hayashi](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/kaoru-hayashi/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:September 14, 2016 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/) * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [APAC](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/apac/) * [Elirks](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/elirks/) * [Japan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/japan/) * [Logedrut](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/logedrut/) * [Micrass](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/micrass/) * [MILE TEA](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/mile-tea/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mile-tea-cyber-espionage-campaign-targets-asia-pacific-businesses-and-government-agencies/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=d4c5915b98 "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mile-tea-cyber-espionage-campaign-targets-asia-pacific-businesses-and-government-agencies/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=d4c5915b98 "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)](mailto:?subject=MILE%20TEA:%20Cyber%20Espionage%20Campaign%20Targets%20Asia%20Pacific%20Businesses%20and%20Government%20Agencies&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmile-tea-cyber-espionage-campaign-targets-asia-pacific-businesses-and-government-agencies%2F "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmile-tea-cyber-espionage-campaign-targets-asia-pacific-businesses-and-government-agencies%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmile-tea-cyber-espionage-campaign-targets-asia-pacific-businesses-and-government-agencies%2F&title=MILE%20TEA:%20Cyber%20Espionage%20Campaign%20Targets%20Asia%20Pacific%20Businesses%20and%20Government%20Agencies "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmile-tea-cyber-espionage-campaign-targets-asia-pacific-businesses-and-government-agencies%2F&text=MILE%20TEA:%20Cyber%20Espionage%20Campaign%20Targets%20Asia%20Pacific%20Businesses%20and%20Government%20Agencies "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmile-tea-cyber-espionage-campaign-targets-asia-pacific-businesses-and-government-agencies%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=MILE%20TEA:%20Cyber%20Espionage%20Campaign%20Targets%20Asia%20Pacific%20Businesses%20and%20Government%20Agencies%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fmile-tea-cyber-espionage-campaign-targets-asia-pacific-businesses-and-government-agencies%2F "Share in Mastodon") In June 2016, Unit 42 published the blog post "[Tracking Elirks Variants in Japan: Similarities to Previous Attacks](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-tracking-elirks-variants-in-japan-similarities-to-previous-attacks/)", in which we described the resemblance of attacks using the Elirks malware family in Japan and Taiwan. Since then, we continued tracking this threat using Palo Alto Networks [AutoFocus](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/subscriptions/autofocus) and discovered more details of the attacks, including target information. We've seen examples of this attack campaign, which we've named "MILE TEA" (MIcrass Logedrut Elirks TEA), appearing as early as 2011, and that it has since expanded the scope of targets. It involves multiple malware families and often tricks targets by sending purported flight e-tickets in email attachments. The identified targets include three separate Japanese trading companies, a Japanese petroleum company, a mobile phone organization based in Japan, the Beijing office of a public organization of Japan, and a government agency in Taiwan. ### Attack Overview Figure 1 shows the number of attacks considered as a part of the MILE TEA campaign since 2011. As we can see, the volume of the threats is small in total. [![miletea\_1](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_1-500x249.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_1.png) ***Figure 1 Number of threats used in the attack campaign*** In the first three years, most of the reported attacks were from Taiwan. saw infections in a few other countries in Asia, but the number was miniscule. In mid-2013, the target base shifted to Japan. Since 2015, most of the reported attacks are from Japan. [![miletea\_2](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_2-500x309.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_2.png) ***Figure 2 Reports by countries*** The primary infection vector is a spear phishing email with a malicious attachment. Although we collected several document based exploit files (RTF, XLS, and PDF) in this attack campaign, most of the attachments were executable files that, interestingly, suggest a custom malware installer. Attackers often [use self-extracting executable](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/08/unit42-aveo-malware-family-targets-japanese-speaking-users/) files or existing installer packages to reduce development costs if they require dropping multiple files. However, in this campaign, the attacker group created its own installer program with the following features: * Windows executable with folder icon * Creates directory with pre-determined name in the same path as the installer * Copies decoy files into the created directory * Installs a batch file and malware on Temp Dir * Executes a batch script to delete the installer Figure 3 shows examples of the custom installer and its different folder icons. [![miletea\_3](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_3-500x178.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_3.png) ***Figure 3 Custom installers with the folder icon*** The use of e-flight tickets as phishing lures has been seen repeatedly for a number of years. The following is the list of malicious attachment samples that use this technique. It is the most prevalent lure used by this threat actor to entice targets for this campaign. *** ** * ** *** |------------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Target** | **Year** | **SHA256** | | **Japan** | 2016 | 71d5bc9404aa2aa40d79cb16837246a31fa3f12b195330a091e3867aa85f1bc6 | | **Taiwan** | 2015 | 7b1509051ccacc4676bf491f63c8a8c7c3b42ffd6cbf3d8bb1dd0269424df985 | | **Japan** | 2014 | 8c338446764db7478384700df811937dabc3c6747f54fd6325629e22e02de2cc | | **Taiwan** | 2014 | b393b9774c32de68b35bffd43ace22f9e9d695545de02d8b1d29c8ae38db3488 | | **Taiwan** | 2014 | 4607aa975fd9b5aaebe684b26fa31d8ef0840682b148dbcf7f57e9c35d107eb6 | | **Taiwan** | 2013 | f23ab2ee9726c4061b2e0e7f6b9491e384de8103e410871c34b603326b7672da | | **Taiwan** | 2013 | 5de5346613be67e3e3bdf82c215312e30bf5ab07aafd0da0e6967897752e0c1d | | **Taiwan** | 2013 | 1ed808c7909bde7164d81a8c752a62ced116e03cfb6c7502019d84340f04b76a | | **Taiwan** | 2012 | b6034a3fc6e01729166a4870593e66d9daf0cdff8726c42231662c06358632a7 | | **Taiwan** | 2012 | f18ddcacfe4a98fb3dd9eaffd0feee5385ffc7f81deac100fdbbabf64233dc68 | *** ** * ** *** ***Table 1 Samples of malicious attachments masquerading as E-Ticket*** ### Malware In this MILE TEA campaign, the actor uses the following three malware families as the initial infection by the custom installer. The primary purpose of these families is to establish a bridgehead, collecting system information and downloading additional malware from a remote server. *** ** * ** *** *** ** * ** *** |--------------|---------------------|------------|--------------------------| | **Malware** | **Executable Type** | **Cipher** | **C2 address from Blog** | | **Elirks** | PE, PE64, DLL | TEA, AES | Yes | | **Micrass** | PE | TEA | No | | **Logedrut** | PE, MSIL | DES | Yes | *** ** * ** *** ***Table 2 Malware characteristics*** While many security vendors classify these samples as different malware families, they share functionality, code, and infrastructure, leading us to conclude that they in fact belong to the previously mentioned malware families. #### Functionality -- Blog Access As described in the [previous blog post](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-tracking-elirks-variants-in-japan-similarities-to-previous-attacks/), one of the unique features of Elirks is that it retrieves a command and control (C2) address from a public-facing blog service. When configured, the malware accesses a predetermined blog page, discovers a specific string, and proceeds to decode it with Base64 and decrypts it using the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) cipher. The same functionality is found in Logedrut, however, instead of using the TEA cipher, it uses DES. A sample of Logedrut (afe57a51c5b0e37df32282c41da1fdfa416bbd9f32fa94b8229d6f2cc2216486) accesses a free blog service hosted in Japan and reads the following article posted by the threat actor. [![miletea\_4](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_4-500x142.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_4.png) ***Figure 4 Encoded C2 address posted by attacker*** The routine called GetAddressByBlog() in Logedrut looks for text between two pre-defined strings. In this particular case, the malware sample will look for test between "doctor fish" and "sech yamatala". The threat determines encoded text is "pKuBzxxnCEeN2CWLAu8tj3r9WJKqblE+" and proceeds to handle it using the following function. [![miletea\_5](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_5-500x337.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_5.png) ***Figure 5 Code finding encoded C2 address from blog*** This code deciphers the string with BASE64 and DES. So far all Logedrut samples use exactly the same key, 1q2w3e4r, for decryption. The following Python code can be used to decode the C2 address. import base64 import Crypto.Cipher.DES encoded\_string = "pKuBzxxnCEeN2CWLAu8tj3r9WJKqblE+" iv = key = "1q2w3e4r" decoded\_string = base64.b64decode(encoded\_string) des = Crypto.Cipher.DES.new(key, Crypto.Cipher.DES.MODE\_CBC, iv) decrypted\_string = des.decrypt(decoded\_string) print decrypted\_string |-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | import base64 import Crypto.Cipher.DES encoded\_string = "pKuBzxxnCEeN2CWLAu8tj3r9WJKqblE+" iv = key = "1q2w3e4r" decoded\_string = base64.b64decode(encoded\_string) des = Crypto.Cipher.DES.new(key, Crypto.Cipher.DES.MODE\_CBC, iv) decrypted\_string = des.decrypt(decoded\_string) print decrypted\_string | #### Code - TEA with XOR Elirks and Micrass employ exactly the same TEA cipher. TEA is a block cipher that operates against 64-bit (8 bytes) of data at a time to encrypt and decrypt. The author of the code added and extra cipher operation by XORing data when a block size is less than 64 bits. For example, if the encrypted data length is 248 bits (31 bytes), the code in both malware samples decrypts the first three blocks (64 x 3 = 192 bits) with TEA. The final block is only 56 bits (248 - 192 = 56), so the code uses a simple XOR operation against the remaining data. This supplement to TEA has not been widely used, and all Elirks and Micrass samples have the same static key (2D 4E 51 67 D5 52 3B 75) for the XOR operation. Due to these similarities, we can conclude that the author of both families may be the same, or has access to the same source code. [![miletea\_6](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_6-500x224.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_6.png) ***Figure 6 TEA with XOR Cipher in Elirks and Micrass*** #### Infrastructure - C2 Servers Based on our analysis, we see that only a handful samples share the same infrastructure directly. The threat actors carefully minimize reusing C2 domains and IP addresses among their malware samples, and yet they prefer using servers located in Hong Kong no matter where the target resides. [![miletea\_7](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_7-500x233.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_7.png) ***Figure 7 Location of C2 servers*** ### Target Analysis #### Identifying targets from spear-phishing emails We found a spear phishing email sent to a government agency in Taiwan on March 2015. The email sender masquerades as an airline company, and the RAR archive attachment contains the custom installer named Ticket.exe that drops Ticket.doc and Micrass malware. [![miletea\_8](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_8-500x318.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_8.png) ***Figure 8 Spear-phishing email sent to an agency in Taiwan*** During the analysis of the email, we came across an article in a Taiwan newspaper from February 2014 that alerted the public about a similar email message being widely distributed that contained a malicious attachment. The only difference between the email messages in Figure 8 and in [the news article](https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/957005) was the date. The adversary reused the email message more than a year ago. #### Identifying targets from decoy files The most interesting part of this attack campaign is that the threat actor has been using stolen documents from previously compromised organizations to perform additional attacks since early 2015. These documents are not publicly available nor do they look to be created from scratch by the attacker. Because they contain sensitive data tying to the specific business, it is unlikely that a third party would be able to craft them. The following figure shows the decoy file installed by a sample identified in early April 2015. The file is a weekly report created at the end of March 2015 by a salesperson at a Japanese trading company. The report includes various sensitive information specific to their business. [![miletea\_9](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_9-500x277.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_9.png) ***Figure 9 Weekly report from a Japanese trading company*** The properties identified within the document indicate that the company name matches the context, and the person who last modified it is the same individual seen in the document itself. Because of this, the file appears legitimate and it's very unlikely that this document would ever be made publicly available. The threat actor almost certainly stole this document soon after it was created, and reused it as the decoy for next target within a week of the theft. [![miletea\_10](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_10.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_10.png) ***Figure 10 Property of the decoy document*** Another installer found in Japan in May 2015 also contained sensitive information. The decoy looks to be a draft version of a legitimate contract addendum between the subsidiary of a Japanese petroleum company based in Australia, and a China-based company. The document provides details of the deal, including price. It contains a bunch of tracked changes by what appears to be two Japanese speaking individuals. We have confirmed that one of the individuals was a manager of an overseas project of the parent company in Japan by the official release of personnel change in 2013. The file is also considered to be stolen from a target organization and used for decoy for the next attack. [![miletea\_11](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_11-500x417.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_11.png) ***Figure 11 Contract addendum decoy file*** In addition to those examples, we found the following decoy files that are likely stolen from previously compromised organizations. *** ** * ** *** |------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------| | **Organization** | **Type of document** | | **Beijing Office of a public organization of Japan** | Budget Report | | **Another Trading Company in Japan** | Internal investigation document | | **Mobile phone organization in Japan** | Inventory of new smartphones | *** ** * ** *** ***Table 3 Potential source of another decoy file*** We cannot confirm whether those files were stolen as part of the MILE TEA campaign or not. Either way, it's difficult to imagine that the threat actor sent those internal documents to entirely different organization or industries. One plausible explanation would be that the threat actors target different persons or departments within same organization or industry. #### Identifying target from Malware So far, we have described two trading companies in Japan that are possibly targeted. In addition to these two companies, there is another company in Japan that could be involved in the attack campaign as well. A sample of Logedrut was identified and is capable of communicating with C2 through an internal proxy server in the compromised organization. The sample contains an internal proxy address for a trading company in Japan as seen in String7 in the image below. Thus, the sample is specially crafted for this specific enterprise. [![miletea\_12](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_12-500x370.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MileTea_12.png) ***Figure 12 Internal proxy address in Logedrut*** ### Conclusion MILE TEA is five-year-long targeted attack campaign focused on businesses and government agencies in Asia Pacific and Japan. The threat actor behind this maintains and uses multiple malware families, including a custom installer. The actor is interested in organizations that conduct business in multiple countries. The trading companies cover an immensely broad area, from commodity products to aviation around the world. Another possible target is a Japanese petroleum company that has multiple offices and subsidiary companies in overseas countries. A public organization in Japan and a government agency in Taiwan were also targeted. Palo Alto Networks customers are protected from this threat in the following ways: 1. WildFire accurately identifies all malware samples related to this operation as malicious. 2. Domains used by this operation have been flagged as malicious in Threat Prevention. 3. AutoFocus users can view malware related to this attack using the "[Micrass](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.Micrass)", "[Elirks](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.Elirks)", and "[Logedrut](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.Logedrut)" tags. #### Indicators of Compromise *Note: We omitted some hashes containing potentially stolen documents from the compromised organization.* **Windows Executable Custom Installer** 064474ac22dd28bf2211ca6602946409925b11f1cfa5e593487bf65e033f1057 136978934c8a61e4adff415d4f8f6cd39d110cfa27df2c18367c7036c36e006a 1ed808c7909bde7164d81a8c752a62ced116e03cfb6c7502019d84340f04b76a 37e79e1ee7cde57cf3af80c54851fa3f9bea3a7208c5cdb5bd290d832f1c50c6 4607aa975fd9b5aaebe684b26fa31d8ef0840682b148dbcf7f57e9c35d107eb6 47c489ad097ea2813a993f05d0422361196efa8a7fec08c3f0c0d1d19db9f6a9 5135377eb6db61ace45e88eca753fb08ae4e185176940e786050c0514a775294 5de5346613be67e3e3bdf82c215312e30bf5ab07aafd0da0e6967897752e0c1d 71d5bc9404aa2aa40d79cb16837246a31fa3f12b195330a091e3867aa85f1bc6 7b1509051ccacc4676bf491f63c8a8c7c3b42ffd6cbf3d8bb1dd0269424df985 7b3980734ccef487a7ee1f89fcc19a397782e5f38ecd0549c871e8acd918f092 87a6ec28357409e547f22edba03c1874500636f9860069db51bfe7a351d20481 8c338446764db7478384700df811937dabc3c6747f54fd6325629e22e02de2cc 91569b8a68d004a7d8ef031846dca3e9facb4401d3fac23d4009fcb2e4c4f2c4 ade2eabdf113abeff41a79a7bbbd097187a8e69e16c9e622a53f9f68edc69ec2 b6034a3fc6e01729166a4870593e66d9daf0cdff8726c42231662c06358632a7 b693be834ffdb1865abfd2fe5e3c6f29134579ef2ecbc2837cb1b85bd7e757e0 d50a419daff4290f3870b66ff94050a0cbcd76e278d5c4015a79a6b578e44724 d6935edeb50cab2f1ae90776e4c8bdd709ec78ccc71b1e94f079fb9770b7c220 e32eb45287443d510b1a30009abd14701c4306b817b4c4d83ff1377b4312d807 f18ddcacfe4a98fb3dd9eaffd0feee5385ffc7f81deac100fdbbabf64233dc68 f23ab2ee9726c4061b2e0e7f6b9491e384de8103e410871c34b603326b7672da **RTF File** b8795e8dcbe4198160bab1c75505652a15569d6dd6e74b1eae2321edaa00f5b6 **XLS File** b393b9774c32de68b35bffd43ace22f9e9d695545de02d8b1d29c8ae38db3488 b5b2974251e6bb963c0a37f12a167efd5ba702c142cd9f5571090f8838be4335 **PDF File** 200a4708afe812989451f5947aed2f30b8e9b8e609a91533984ffa55d02e60a2 5806703c28991675aee2e1204f748ce7e2814ea8f2a7ef925693fb52b0ef4d9c 755138308bbaa9fcb9c60f0b089032ed4fa1cece830a954ad574bd0c2fe1f104 bfe0e6ce5d33c498b9d048c33d5943ed4619383eea00ca6b3c613407b7b5ae96 ee6564baf5c5c61f95b8840c1d8a47e84c0704de8062e51c5fa3cf550612a879 **Elirks** 027ff8faf7952d791e39c9dda392dfce1094a4ceece46dbd2f53cf2ad5f8bc21 0cae035a40fcfc760a2f47b98ab27feaba9cee95d59467ab09b32063ac17df5b 0cffc3fb0b4ebf2a4b8cad4fb2a477737e4f8ca0b45494e541b2f92ee9719fa8 0e317e0fee4eb6c6e81b2a41029a9573d34cebeabab6d661709115c64526bf95 0f1f6838c591a0456881fbcd65d511932d2fa6c16fcb27eb4a793240ef0c25de 1194650bdfeb03940e07718726cfeb49645b089899e216a79cbafe7fae01678a 138993de871eefc72967b61b7c030649e1881be8adacbee933636fb4fc2ae444 1434fa8719602b252bb12e1e0023e86becada3b86ed07e1f7836fdf057dcebf5 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f18ddcacfe4a98fb3dd9eaffd0feee5385ffc7f81deac100fdbbabf64233dc68 f6cb59b697cd27359f12228cf11ae5aa21b17e1845ae8007c668319672cdfb33 fdcaac1a818a088e41bcf764493e203089e21bd35521da1c3c999e90eccb99a8 **Logedrut** 2d9c0f32401404ab515690e052d378b0acdd22e30ce8a6a2ce6e5088b2c62795 4591134a77b3532c85576e7b1942476eb73775d118e49ad215dbbe1c42761760 66c9e75398c202c5c2b917fd0fe9a3089c6a1fa5e74a64c6a2c2b5d6acaf2f14 843b14a44374987ebdd735d23ac89f8aef8c6972510d53d283eb79004c5e3ec7 8be58e9b58727e9195c037810a5e57ec6a9107547e2d4e4b75e299c5f4ad9be0 a205027c7f1241dce0807de7733a23ffc398c64bd2130f2fd17316c2860b5dc1 a74604f65d92579295b4fa16f6cca91fc2a66387eb1c1744b22081fb05aefa16 afe57a51c5b0e37df32282c41da1fdfa416bbd9f32fa94b8229d6f2cc2216486 c267e01e047a0ddfa96fb5c65483532c44647dc7153c149aeeb9833b9952f7b5 cc8844b46972af665739e8fe689412621737bc87ca9f700e873622006d8fc62a d1373c0be7cdb76b2735d0df87d81db09eb3583f145cdcfe4ac6d1d217de9781 e8186a03a53cba3cfe6b0ea3bcbc7893eb1da84e612060ecfffb8110fa0199a2 **Micrass** 4bcc727506706634b56cad358828037189898097c363e2ea2147ec253b81a009 674865c337f23ab23b7c866893d179467e5f834ee95a0952aaeb7fa7f3d34573 68ec202ebce297031a7d02ab0417ec01c5fc0a94171b1443d3bfd6ad5f27055e 6b2fea7284bcc4f505b124d216bb33f723a1c93f3a3d5d9a10307d4069950cfb 70c37934e89eb796724a36f32ff654b01341531c980cee09d26c16a1320fcdf7 7b3980734ccef487a7ee1f89fcc19a397782e5f38ecd0549c871e8acd918f092 80db64dc96c59893203074e36852537c0f617e5a5fa73548d65618a16b5f6b4e 94ec1723693c21ff239b33c555dc1e4589a3310fa11bb9fe8b742a9231c36134 a68735dccb378eba908f487906050bacedd73fa8f6503623048f03d71071170c b7f72805660dc2f76c75d7440cfdf98831ccb5e49985b2f476a0c7b336c618c4 bf58614f2e5b195ce1ee1c096c1b6b560e81d2a31e7ad04522d5d705c2788293 cf7d2d2efaf0eb483cc3152b568ebc45ca0540de2ee57ce3536ae20d7d4a268d e205a7287d624ef4690da26d9ec44f008ee17efd8ff83c18364e8727215ee4f1 e4351c9f8862677bfc1d2992922ac9985a05504f6050e6916fd7bae3b1501810 e78f1d60aea0652d65275c40e88be9409eb9117dc5c1f8aac122eed338054f16 **Command and Control Servers** 124rsdtw4r23rsae.4pu\[.\]com account.yahoo-account-tw\[.\]com asp.domain-googletw\[.\]com atashaerlanmuscle.nikitacommonprofessional.cloudns\[.\]info billyxcatch.garfieldmercyscream.cloudns\[.\]eu chargewike.google-robot\[.\]com dns.pchome-shop\[.\]com dockcharge.msn2013\[.\]com dueyamata.ddo\[.\]jp ewr235rew.gsn-operation\[.\]com flights.marketddy\[.\]com googlehostlogin.hopto\[.\]org hiair.henet-web\[.\]net hotlogin.ddo\[.\]jp indication.google-robot\[.\]com islam.youtubesitegroup\[.\]com jumpintothesea.seesaa\[.\]net kmtgogogo.bluestartw\[.\]com likyamaha.msn2013\[.\]com lovetamakata.mywww\[.\]biz lovetamaya.mywww\[.\]biz lovetrick2014.redirectme\[.\]net mail-asp.domain-googletw\[.\]com mails.domain-googletw\[.\]com makoidata.msn2013\[.\]com mis.domain-googletw\[.\]com pls.utvsoft\[.\]com press.ufoneconference\[.\]com rdane.msn2013\[.\]com reposibility2014.ddo\[.\]jp sce.hopto\[.\]org server.henet-web\[.\]net servers.domain-googletw\[.\]com service.net-seed\[.\]com sftp.domain-googletw\[.\]com siteadmin.yahoo-account-tw\[.\]com takamato.4pu\[.\]com taoyato.domain-googletw\[.\]com tomatopota.4pu\[.\]com trains.pchome-shop\[.\]com trustlogin.ddo\[.\]jp trustly.google-robot\[.\]com twitter.google-robot\[.\]com vmail.net-seed\[.\]com webmail.domain-googletw\[.\]com www.vaseline.dumb1\[.\]com xuite.henet-web\[.\]net yahamata.google-robot\[.\]com yourservers.blog-pixnet\[.\]com zoe.minidns\[.\]net 101\.1.25\[.\]40 101\.1.25\[.\]58 101\.1.25\[.\]90 103\.17.119\[.\]137 103\.20.192\[.\]248 103\.245.209\[.\]125 103\.245.209\[.\]153 103\.245.209\[.\]21 103\.245.209\[.\]62 103\.28.45\[.\]241 103\.39.109\[.\]30 103\.39.109\[.\]51 103\.39.109\[.\]66 103\.39.109\[.\]68 103\.59.45\[.\]54 113\.10.246\[.\]154 113\.10.246\[.\]172 113\.10.246\[.\]176 128\.199.34\[.\]140 142\.91.119\[.\]136 173\.254.227\[.\]138 175\.45.22\[.\]122 175\.45.22\[.\]233 180\.43.171\[.\]205 202\.82.225\[.\]161 203\.124.14\[.\]131 206\.161.216\[.\]144 210\.209.81\[.\]170 210\.209.81\[.\]172 210\.209.81\[.\]173 210\.209.81\[.\]188 210\.209.81\[.\]192 210\.209.81\[.\]249 210\.209.86\[.\]136 210\.209.86\[.\]158 210\.209.86\[.\]162 210\.209.86\[.\]175 210\.209.86\[.\]176 210\.209.86\[.\]185 23\.253.46\[.\]64 54\.178.93\[.\]212 59\.106.98\[.\]139 59\.188.239\[.\]110 59\.188.87\[.\]17 59\.188.87\[.\]34 74\.126.176\[.\]218 74\.126.177\[.\]92 74\.126.183\[.\]170 95\.211.14\[.\]53 96\.46.0\[.\]178 96\.46.0\[.\]180 96\.46.10\[.\]179 96\.46.10\[.\]181 96\.46.10\[.\]235 96\.46.10\[.\]237 Back to top ### Tags * [APAC](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/apac/ "APAC") * [Elirks](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/elirks/ "Elirks") * [Japan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/japan/ "Japan") * [Logedrut](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/logedrut/ "Logedrut") * [Micrass](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/micrass/ "Micrass") * [MILE TEA](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/mile-tea/ "MILE TEA") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: DualToy: New Windows Trojan Sideloads Risky Apps to Android and iOS Devices](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/dualtoy-new-windows-trojan-sideloads-risky-apps-to-android-and-ios-devices/ "DualToy: New Windows Trojan Sideloads Risky Apps to Android and iOS Devices") ### Related Articles * [ASEAN Entities in the Spotlight: Chinese APT Group Targeting](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chinese-apts-target-asean-entities/ "article - table of contents") * [Chinese APT Targeting Cambodian Government](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chinese-apt-linked-to-cambodia-government-attacks/ "article - table of contents") * [Threat Brief: Microsoft DNS Server Wormable Vulnerability CVE-2020-1350](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2020-1350/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Malware Resources ![Pictorial representation of TLS Certificate compromise. A person typing on a laptop with digital graphics of binary code and light beams emanating from the screen, representing data transfer or cyber activity.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/07_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) October 22, 2026 [#### EMudhra Intermediate CA Certificates Compromised](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/emudhra-certificate-compromise/) * [Certificates](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/certificates/ "certificates") * [Compromise](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/compromise/ "Compromise") * [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/emudhra-certificate-compromise/ "EMudhra Intermediate CA Certificates Compromised") ![](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-1-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) October 21, 2026 [#### "Next Exploit Opportunities": How a Threat Actor Used AI to Help Plan and Execute Multiple Types of Cybercrime Activities](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-assisted-cybercrime-analysis/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [Data exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/data-exfiltration/ "data exfiltration") * [DeepSeek](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/deepseek/ "DeepSeek") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-assisted-cybercrime-analysis/ "“Next Exploit Opportunities”: How a Threat Actor Used AI to Help Plan and Execute Multiple Types of Cybercrime Activities") ![Pictorial representation of AI-powered campaign targeting government infrastructure. A glowing, blue, brain-shaped structure floats above a central microchip on a circuit board. The scene is futuristic, with neon lights illuminating the interconnected pathways and components.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/AdobeStock_637057734-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) October 15, 2026 [#### AI-Powered Espionage Campaign Targets Government Linux Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-campaign-targets-linux-infrastructure/) * [Exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/exfiltration/ "exfiltration") * [LLM](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/llm/ "LLM") * [Network security](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/network-security/ "network security") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-campaign-targets-linux-infrastructure/ "AI-Powered Espionage Campaign Targets Government Linux Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of PEERSTITCH, a FortiGate implant. A digital illustration depicting a circuit board with a prominent red warning triangle and exclamation mark in the center. The background is filled with various computer circuitry patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/09_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) October 14, 2026 [#### Unit 42 Uncovers PEERSTITCH, a Stealthy FortiGate Implant](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/fortimanager-cve-2024-47575-peerstitch-malware/) * [Apache](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/apache/ "Apache") * [CL-STA-0954](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-sta-0954/ "CL-STA-0954") * [Logging](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/logging/ "logging") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/fortimanager-cve-2024-47575-peerstitch-malware/ "Unit 42 Uncovers PEERSTITCH, a Stealthy FortiGate Implant") ![Pictorial representation of operation blinder tunnel. Screen displaying code with a prominent alert symbol and the words 'VIRUS DETECTED' highlighted in red.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/05_Malware_Category_1920x900-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) October 6, 2026 [#### Blinder Tunnel Campaign Targets Iraqi Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/blinder-tunnel-targets-critical-infrastructure/) * [Advanced Persistent Threat](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/advanced-persistent-threat/ "Advanced Persistent Threat") * [Agent Serpens](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agent-serpens/ "Agent Serpens") * [AppDomainManager](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/appdomainmanager/ "AppDomainManager") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/blinder-tunnel-targets-critical-infrastructure/ "Blinder Tunnel Campaign Targets Iraqi Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of how K8 operators betray your security posture. A close-up of a futuristic microchip with glowing circuits in vibrant colors, including blue, purple, and orange, reflecting light.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_652069707-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 29, 2026 [#### OperTraitors: How Kubernetes Operators Betray Your Security Posture](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/agentic-ai-kubernetes-operator-risks/) * [AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai/ "AI") * [AI agents](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-agents/ "AI agents") * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/agentic-ai-kubernetes-operator-risks/ "OperTraitors: How Kubernetes Operators Betray Your Security Posture") ![Pictorial representation of a magnifying glass illuminating a glowing orange circular digital circuit interface on a dark, high-tech background.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Myth-Busting_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Insights-icon-white.svg)Insights](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/insights/) September 16, 2026 [#### Atomic macOS (AMOS) Stealer Activity](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atomic-macos-amos-stealer-activity/) * [MacOS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/macos/ "macOS") * [Threat intelligence](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/threat-intelligence/ "threat intelligence") * [Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/unit-42/ "Unit 42") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atomic-macos-amos-stealer-activity/ "Atomic macOS (AMOS) Stealer Activity") ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 10, 2026 [#### The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE") ![Pictorial representation of a pay-per-install threat group campaign prodiving infection service for spreading malware. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/) * [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel") * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2") * [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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