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Muddled Libra, Scattered Spider, Octo Tempest or any of the many other names the group is labeled with is not an organized entity but a loose collaboration of like-minded cybercriminals, or personas, with common interests tethered by social chat applications. ## Interrelated Strike Teams Muddled Libra personas converge into strike teams, each with their own unique skillsets, tradecraft and objectives in tow. Since late 2022, Unit 42 has tracked at least seven distinct teams. Though in reality distinction means very little as personas enter, exit and flow from team to team. Instead, what defines a team is the combination of what they're after and the unique ways in which they go after it. While the fluidity of this model complicates tracking, it also creates unique opportunities for threat researchers. Unlike the homogeneous, mostly faceless operations of traditional cybercrime groups, members of these small teams inherently leave their fingerprints on each attack; distinct fingerprints that become signature tradecraft. Over time successful tradecraft is shared, learned and incorporated by other personas into their own fingerprints. By studying incident response engagements, threat intelligence researchers can walk this development back and begin profiling personas and their interdependent relationships. This allows the creation of predictive models, ultimately leading to effective controls and mitigations against future attacks. ## Theory in Practice In the teams we track related to this attack cluster, we find patterns not only in tradecraft but also objective. That is not to say these teams' tradecraft and objectives remain static, but that they tend to evolve in a predictable way that indicates relatively consistent and known personas. Most early teams were hyper-focused on cryptocurrency theft and have never wavered, while others started out with cryptocurrency in mind but shifted to less complex and more volume-friendly objectives. The supply chain for the cryptocurrency industry is far-reaching and includes business process outsourcing, mass marketing, telecommunications, authentication providers and many other verticals. Many organizations in these industries have essentially been collateral damage along the way as strike teams identified and hunted cryptocurrency "whales" -- large, valuable targets. With each success, teams have learned, matured and multiplied. New personas enter the fray and others are arrested or fade away. Attack teams have expanded far from cryptocurrency and into a staggering breadth of industries. * There are strike teams focused on stealing unique intellectual property for bragging rights that have targeted media and software development firms. * Extortion-oriented teams use common ransomware-as-a-service affiliate playbooks with widespread asset destruction and encryption. These teams typically target organizations in high-availability verticals like retail and entertainment. * Some teams simply aim to harvest credentials directly from consumers that can be quickly flipped on the dark web; low-complexity attacks like these frequently target individuals. * A few teams are engaging in mass information harvesting. Valuable personal data is stolen that can later be stitched together to invasively profile high-value targets. Attackers focus on organizations that have unique and highly private data like those in the financial, retail and transportation industries. ![Bar chart displaying the industry distribution within seven teams, with industries labeled as Telecommunications, SaaS, Retail, Media, Marketing, Hospitality, Government, Gambling, Finance, and Business Process Outsourcing. Each team's bar is segmented by color to represent different industries.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/chart-01-scaled.png) Figure 1. Seven teams associated with Muddled Libra and the differences in their targeting. The fluid nature of Muddled Libra attack teams make it a fool's errand to predict what industry will be targeted next. Instead, defenders should focus on what they have that the group is likely to be after and who might be impacted. For example, consider data theft or direct extortion and work backward from there. If your organization has troves of personal data, take a deep look at how to classify and protect it appropriately based on its value. Restrictive access control, data retention policies, data loss prevention and segmentation all go a long way toward ensuring your data is not used as a weapon against you. Extortionists typically threaten to leak stolen data, disrupt critical business operations, or both. Effective business continuity and disaster recovery planning can help shield key business assets from destruction or ransomware. If your organization is consumer facing, consider how you can better authenticate your customers and protect them from having their credentials compromised and used against them. Strike teams will continue to form, developing new techniques and branching into new industries. Don't lose sight of the forest (a broader goal of a robust security program based on risk and defense-in-depth strategies) for the sake of analyzing the trees (the specific tactics, techniques and procedures or targets currently popular with individual Muddled Libra strike teams). *If your organization could benefit from assistance evaluating your readiness, consider reaching out for a* [*Cyber Risk Assessment*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/cyber-risk-assessment)*or other proactive services from Unit 42.* *Updated on Aug. 28, 2025, at 2:34 p.m. PT to add missing data to Figure 1.* Back to top ### Tags * [Muddled Libra](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/muddled-libra/ "Muddled Libra") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Keys to the Kingdom: Erlang/OTP SSH Vulnerability Analysis and Exploits Observed in the Wild](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/erlang-otp-cve-2025-32433/ "Keys to the Kingdom: Erlang/OTP SSH Vulnerability Analysis and Exploits Observed in the Wild") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [2026 World Cup: Discussing The World's Biggest Game's Attack Surface](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/fifa-world-cup-attack-surface/ "article - table of contents") * [A Peek Into Muddled Libra's Operational Playbook](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/muddled-libra-ops-playbook/ "article - table of contents") * [Novel Technique to Detect Cloud Threat Actor Operations](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tracking-threat-groups-through-cloud-logging/ "article - table of contents") ## Related General Resources ![Pictorial representation of a magnifying glass illuminating a glowing orange circular digital circuit interface on a dark, high-tech background.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Myth-Busting_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Insights-icon-white.svg)Insights](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/insights/) September 16, 2026 [#### Atomic macOS (AMOS) Stealer Activity](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atomic-macos-amos-stealer-activity/) * [MacOS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/macos/ "macOS") * [Threat intelligence](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/threat-intelligence/ "threat intelligence") * [Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/unit-42/ "Unit 42") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atomic-macos-amos-stealer-activity/ "Atomic macOS (AMOS) Stealer Activity") ![Pictorial representation of a woman in glasses viewing a reflection of a monitor screen. 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