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in NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 7 min read Related Products [![Advanced Threat Prevention icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced Threat Prevention](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-threat-prevention/ "Advanced Threat Prevention")[![Cloud-Delivered Security Services icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Cloud-Delivered Security Services](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/cloud-delivered-security-services/ "Cloud-Delivered Security Services")[![Next-Generation Firewall icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Next-Generation Firewall](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/next-generation-firewall/ "Next-Generation Firewall")[![Unit 42 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Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [CUDA](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cuda/) * [Cuobjdump](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cuobjdump/) * [CVE-2024-53870](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53870/) * [CVE-2024-53871](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53871/) * [CVE-2024-53872](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53872/) * [CVE-2024-53873](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53873/) * [CVE-2024-53874](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53874/) * [CVE-2024-53875](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53875/) * [CVE-2024-53876](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53876/) * [CVE-2024-53877](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53877/) * [CVE-2024-53878](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53878/) * [Nvdisasm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/nvdisasm/) * 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reviews nine vulnerabilities we recently discovered in two utilities called cuobjdump and nvdisasm, both from NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) Toolkit. We have coordinated with NVIDIA, and the company has released [an update in February 2025](https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5594) to address these issues. The vulnerabilities are tracked as the following Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs): * [CVE-2024-53870](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53870) * [CVE-2024-53871](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53871) * [CVE-2024-53872](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53872) * [CVE-2024-53873](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53873) * [CVE-2024-53874](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53874) * [CVE-2024-53875](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53875) * [CVE-2024-53876](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53876) * [CVE-2024-53877](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53877) * [CVE-2024-53878](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53878) Introduced in 2006, CUDA is a parallel computing platform and programming model. As part of NVIDIA's CUDA Toolkit, developers use the cuobjdump and nvdisasm tools to analyze CUDA binary files used in programs to run on NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware. While these two tools don't directly execute CUDA code, they are essential for developers to inspect and optimize CUDA-based programs for NVIDIA GPUs. Successfully exploiting the associated vulnerabilities might lead to limited denial of service or limited information disclosure. Potential attackers could impact organizations through vulnerable versions of cuobjdump and nvdisasm in targeted developer environments. Palo Alto Networks customers are better protected from the potential impact of these vulnerabilities through our [Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/next-generation-firewall) with [Cloud-Delivered Security Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/security-subscriptions) that include [Advanced Threat Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention). We also recommend using the most recent CUDA Toolkit release to avoid vulnerable versions of cuobjdump and nvdisasm. The [Unit 42 Incident Response Team](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html) can also be engaged to help with a compromise or to provide a proactive assessment to lower your risk. | **Related Unit 42 Topics** | [**Vulnerabilities**](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/vulnerabilities/) | |----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| ## NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit Launched in 2006, [CUDA](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/what-is-cuda-2/) is a parallel computing platform and programming model developed by NVIDIA. Developers use this platform to create software that harnesses the computing power of NVIDIA GPUs for various computing tasks that require significant parallel processing power. These tasks include artificial intelligence (AI), scientific research and multimedia processing. Developers use the [CUDA Toolkit](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-toolkit) for a development environment to create these GPU-accelerated applications. The CUDA Toolkit can be used in [Windows](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-microsoft-windows/index.html) or [Linux](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/index.html) environments. In either operating system, the developed code is stored in CUDA binary files. ## CUDA Binary (Cubin) Files A [CUDA binary](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-binary-utilities/index.html#what-is-a-cuda-binary) is a type of executable file that stores CUDA code, including instructions designed for NVIDIA GPUs. CUDA binaries use a .cubin file extension in their file names, so we commonly refer to these as "cubin" files. Cubin follows a standardized [ELF format \[PDF\]](https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/elf/elf.pdf) found in Linux and Unix. Cubin files include sections for the actual executable code, alongside additional information like symbols, relocation data and debugging details for CUDA code to run on NVIDIA GPUs. A cubin file typically consists of code for both the [host (CPU) and device (GPU) portions](https://dev.to/zenulabidin/an-overview-of-cuda-part-2-host-and-device-code-69d#host-vs-device-code) of a program. Cubin files are produced by compiling the source code written in CUDA C/C++. Cubin files are easily identifiable through common utilities like the file command. Figure 1 shows the results from running a file command on a cubin file named normal.cubin in a terminal from a Linux environment. The results indicate it is a 64-bit ELF using the NVIDIA CUDA architecture. ![Screenshot of Ubuntu terminal downloads folder where the file command shows a cubin file.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/word-image-402516-138108-1.png) Figure 1. Results of running the file command on a cubin file. We can further confirm that the cubin file used in Figure 1 follows the ELF format by using tools like [010 Editor](https://www.sweetscape.com/010editor/). Figure 2 shows the contents of normal.cubin in 010 Editor running an ELF binary template (ELF.bt) to parse and interpret the structure of the binary. The results in the lower half of the image further confirm normal.cubin follows the ELF format. ![Screenshot of a computer screen displaying a hexadecimal code editor with various structured data elements labeled. The interface includes columns for Name, Value, Start, Size, Type, and Comment.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/word-image-405335-138108-2.png) Figure 2. Viewing the cubin file with the ELF template in 010 Editor. ## Cuobjdump and Nvdisasm We discovered vulnerabilities in two tools from the CUDA Toolkit used to inspect and analyze cubin files. These tools are command-line utilities named [cuobjdump](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-binary-utilities/index.html#cuobjdump) and [nvdisasm](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-binary-utilities/index.html#nvdisasm). Before examining the associated vulnerabilities, we should understand how these two tools work. ### Cuobjdump Developers use the CUDA Toolkit command-line utility cuobjdump to inspect and analyze cubin files. Output from cuobjdump presents cubin data in a human-readable format. This tool has [several command-line options](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-binary-utilities/index.html#command-line-options) that developers can use to return information on different aspects of a cubin file. For example, the --dump-elf option returns an information dump on a cubin file's ELF Object sections, which can give a general overview of a cubin file. Figure 3 displays the output of cuobjdump on a cubin file using the --dump-elf option. ![A screenshot of a computer screen displaying command line outputs and dumps of file contents.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/word-image-411062-138108-3.png) Figure 3. An example of cuobjdump with the --dump-elf option. ### Nvdisasm The nvdisasm command-line tool is a disassembler for cubin files. Like cuobjdump, this tool takes content from a cubin file and converts it to a human-readable format. However, unlike cuobjdump, developers use nvdisasm to gain insight into the low-level operations of their code after it's been compiled but before it runs on the GPU. This tool has [several command-line options](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-binary-utilities/index.html#id5) that focus on the functionality of a cubin file's CUDA code. These options can provide different aspects and levels of detail on the disassembled code. To see the resulting disassembly without any attempt to beautify it, we can use the --print-raw option. Figure 4 shows the output of nvdisasm on a cubin file using the --print-raw option. ![Screenshot of a computer screen displaying multiple lines of code in an open text editor window with various programming functions and configurations visible.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/word-image-415461-138108-4.png) Figure 4. An example of nvdisasm with the --print-raw option. The cuobjdump tool works on both standalone cubin files (compiled CUDA binaries) and host binaries (executable files containing embedded CUDA code). In contrast, nvdisasm is more specialized, focusing solely on cubin files. However, nvdisasm offers more detailed and comprehensive output, making it a powerful tool for in-depth analysis. NVIDIA provides a [comparison table](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-binary-utilities/index.html#differences-between-cuobjdump-and-nvdisasm) that efficiently displays the differences between these two tools. A basic understanding of these two tools allows us to better understand the associated vulnerabilities we discovered. ## Review of the Vulnerabilities During a security evaluation of the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit, we conducted an extensive [fuzz test](https://owasp.org/www-community/Fuzzing) on cuobjdump and nvdisasm. We ran a file fuzzer on both applications for a month. The results revealed six vulnerabilities in cuobjdump and three vulnerabilities in nvdisasm. We were able to successfully identify and trigger these vulnerabilities during our testing. To mitigate the risk of these vulnerabilities being weaponized, we will not publicly share specific details. Ultimately, older versions of cuobjdump and nvdisasm could potentially be exploited by using these tools to analyze a maliciously manipulated cubin file. The vulnerabilities we discovered in cuobjdump and nvdisasm are classified as two types: * [Integer overflow](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/190.html): Code in a vulnerable application processes an integer value that is too large to store in the intended location * [Out-of-bounds read](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/125.html): Code in a vulnerable application reads data past the end or before the beginning of an intended buffer Successfully exploiting these vulnerabilities could lead to: * Limited denial of service * Limited information disclosure These vulnerabilities have been assigned Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) numbers ranging from 2.8 to 3.3 representing a Low level of impact. Table 1 shows the vulnerabilities we discovered in cuobjdump. | **CVE Designator** | **Vulnerability Description** | **CVSS Score** | |-------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------| | [CVE-2024-53870](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53870) | Integer overflow vulnerability in cuobjdump. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger an out-of-bounds read when a user runs cuobjdump on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service and limited information disclosure. | 3.3 | | [CVE-2024-53872](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53872) | Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in cuobjdump. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger an out-of-bounds read when a user runs cuobjdump on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service and limited information disclosure. | 3.3 | | [CVE-2024-53873](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53873) | Integer overflow vulnerability in cuobjdump. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger a heap buffer overflow when a user runs cuobjdump on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service, code execution and limited information disclosure. | 3.3 | | [CVE-2024-53874](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53874) | Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in cuobjdump. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger an out-of-bounds read when a user runs cuobjdump on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service and limited information disclosure. | 3.3 | | [CVE-2024-53875](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53875) | Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in cuobjdump. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger an out-of-bounds read when a user runs cuobjdump on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service and limited information disclosure. | 3.3 | | [CVE-2024-53878](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53878) | Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in cuobjdump. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger an out-of-bounds read when a user runs cuobjdump on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service and limited information disclosure. | 2.8 | Table 1. Breakdown of vulnerabilities in cuobjdump. Table 2 shows the vulnerabilities we discovered in nvdisasm. | **CVE Designator** | **Vulnerability Description** | **CVSS Score** | |-------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------| | [CVE-2024-53871](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53871) | Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in nvdisasm. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger an out-of-bounds read when a user runs nvdisasm on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service and limited information disclosure. | 3.3 | | [CVE-2024-53876](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53876) | Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in nvdisasm. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger an out-of-bounds read when the user runs nvdisasm on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service and limited information disclosure. | 3.3 | | [CVE-2024-53877](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-53877) | Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in nvdisasm. By manipulating a cubin file, an attacker can potentially trigger an out-of-bounds read when the user runs nvdisasm on the file. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to limited denial of service and limited information disclosure. | 3.3 | Table 2. Breakdown of vulnerabilities in nvdisasm. ## Conclusion NVIDIA's CUDA Toolkit is a fundamental component of the broader CUDA ecosystem, which supports the development, deployment and execution of CUDA programs. While cuobjdump and nvdisasm are not directly involved in executing CUDA code, they are essential for developers looking to inspect and optimize their GPU programs. Vulnerabilities in tools like cuobjdump and nvdisasm have wider implications, because they are part of the CUDA Toolkit. Attackers could possibly target organizations if these vulnerabilities exist in their development environments. CUDA is widely used in security-sensitive applications in generative AI, machine learning and scientific computing. We recommend that developers use the most up-to-date version of this and any other development platform. NVIDIA released a security update to address these vulnerabilities in February 2025, so concerned parties can update to the latest version and avoid these vulnerabilities. ### Palo Alto Networks Protection and Mitigation Palo Alto Networks customers are better protected by our products like [Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW)](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/ngfw) with [Cloud-Delivered Security Services](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/cdss) that include [Advanced Threat Prevention](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-threat-prevention/administration). * NGFW with an Advanced Threat Prevention subscription can identify and block the command injection traffic, when following best practices, via the following Threat Prevention signatures: [95847](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95847), [95848](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95848), [95849](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95849), [95850](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95850), [95852](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95852), [95853](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95853), [95854](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95854), [95855](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95855), [95856](https://threatvault.paloaltonetworks.com/?query=95856) If you think you may have been compromised or have an urgent matter, get in touch with the [Unit 42 Incident Response team](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html) or call: * North America: Toll Free: +1 (866) 486-4842 (866.4.UNIT42) * UK: +44.20.3743.3660 * Europe and Middle East: +31.20.299.3130 * Asia: +65.6983.8730 * Japan: +81.50.1790.0200 * Australia: +61.2.4062.7950 * India: 00080005045107 ## Disclosure Timeline * Report date: October 2024 * Confirmed date: Nov. 15, 2024 * CVEs assigned date: Jan. 7, 2025 * Release date: Feb. 18, 2025 ## Additional Resources * [NVIDIA Product Security](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/security/) -- NVIDIA * \[CUDA Toolkit - Free Tools and Training\](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-toolkit target=) -- NVIDIA Developer * [CUDA Binary Utilities](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-binary-utilities/index.html) -- NVIDIA Docs Back to top ### Tags * [CUDA](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cuda/ "CUDA") * [Cuobjdump](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cuobjdump/ "cuobjdump") * [CVE-2024-53870](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53870/ "CVE-2024-53870") * [CVE-2024-53871](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53871/ "CVE-2024-53871") * [CVE-2024-53872](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53872/ "CVE-2024-53872") * [CVE-2024-53873](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53873/ "CVE-2024-53873") * [CVE-2024-53874](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53874/ "CVE-2024-53874") * [CVE-2024-53875](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53875/ "CVE-2024-53875") * [CVE-2024-53876](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53876/ "CVE-2024-53876") * [CVE-2024-53877](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53877/ "CVE-2024-53877") * [CVE-2024-53878](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-53878/ "CVE-2024-53878") * [Nvdisasm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/nvdisasm/ "nvdisasm") * [NVIDIA](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/nvidia/ "NVIDIA") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Stealers on the Rise: A Closer Look at a Growing macOS Threat](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/macos-stealers-growing/ "Stealers on the Rise: A Closer Look at a Growing macOS Threat") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [Remote Code Execution With Modern AI/ML Formats and Libraries](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rce-vulnerabilities-in-ai-python-libraries/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Vulnerabilities Resources ![Pictorial representation of a group of people interacting with a dynamic 3D holographic display of colorful, undulating data waves on a table.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/11_Myth-Busting_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Insights-icon-white.svg)Insights](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/insights/) August 4, 2026 [#### The Frontier AI Vulnerability Burst: Industrializing Autonomous Zero-Day Discovery in Open-Source Software](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/frontier-ai-vulnerability-burst/) * [AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai/ "AI") * [Frontier AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/frontier-ai/ "Frontier AI") * [Vulnerability Exploitation](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/vulnerability-exploitation/ "Vulnerability Exploitation") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/frontier-ai-vulnerability-burst/ "The Frontier AI Vulnerability Burst: Industrializing Autonomous Zero-Day Discovery in Open-Source Software") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled autonomous cyberattacks. A digital illustration depicting abstract, interconnected data streams in vibrant colors on a dark blue background](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/AdobeStock_992950050-3-782x440.jpeg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) July 30, 2026 [#### Chinese-Speaking Threat Actor Harnesses AI Models for Autonomous Cyberattacks](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/autonomous-ai-cyber-attack-campaign/) * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") * [CVEs](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cves/ "CVEs") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/autonomous-ai-cyber-attack-campaign/ "Chinese-Speaking Threat Actor Harnesses AI Models for Autonomous Cyberattacks") ![Pictorial representation of three zero-day vulnerabilities in Siemens ROX II OT switches. Digital illustration of a global network featuring interconnected lines and nodes over a map of the world, highlighted with neon lights and digital elements.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/03_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) July 17, 2026 [#### Three Steps to the Terminal: A Siemens ROX II Zero-Day Trilogy](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/siemens-rox-ii-zero-day-vulnerabilities/) * [Command injection](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/command-injection/ "Command injection") * [CVE-2025-40947](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2025-40947/ "CVE-2025-40947") * [CVE-2025-40948](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2025-40948/ "CVE-2025-40948") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/siemens-rox-ii-zero-day-vulnerabilities/ "Three Steps to the Terminal: A Siemens ROX II Zero-Day Trilogy") ![Pictorial representation of PAN-OS CVE-2026-0257. A vibrant city skyline at night, with tall skyscrapers and glowing digital beams extending into the sky, suggesting advanced technology and connectivity.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/07_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) June 9, 2026 [#### Threat Brief: Active Exploitation of PAN-OS CVE-2026-0257](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/active-exploitation-of-pan-os-cve-2026-0257/) * [CVE-2026-0257](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-0257/ "CVE-2026-0257") * [Vulnerability](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/vulnerability/ "vulnerability") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/active-exploitation-of-pan-os-cve-2026-0257/ "Threat Brief: Active Exploitation of PAN-OS CVE-2026-0257") ![Pictorial representation of CVE-2026-30300. Digital illustration of a map of North America with interconnected glowing lines and dots symbolizing network connections across the continent.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/06_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-3-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) May 6, 2026 [#### Threat Brief: Exploitation of PAN-OS Captive Portal Zero-Day for Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/captive-portal-zero-day/) * [CVE-2026-0300](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-0300/ "CVE-2026-0300") * [EarthWorm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/earthworm/ "EarthWorm") * [PAN-OS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/pan-os/ "PAN-OS") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/captive-portal-zero-day/ "Threat Brief: Exploitation of PAN-OS Captive Portal Zero-Day for Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution") ![Pictorial representation of a severe Linux vulnerability. Close-up of a woman wearing glasses and focusing intently on a computer screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/05_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-2-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) May 5, 2026 [#### Copy Fail: What You Need to Know About the Most Severe Linux Threat in Years](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2026-31431-copy-fail/) * [Containers](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/containers/ "Containers") * [CVE-2026-31431](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-31431/ "CVE-2026-31431") * [Kubernetes](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/kubernetes/ "Kubernetes") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2026-31431-copy-fail/ "Copy Fail: What You Need to Know About the Most Severe Linux Threat in Years") ![Pictorial representation of CVE-2023-33538. Abstract image of a glowing red Wi-Fi symbol on a circuit board, with intricate patterns and a futuristic appearance.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/04_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) April 16, 2026 [#### A Deep Dive Into Attempted Exploitation of CVE-2023-33538](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/exploitation-of-cve-2023-33538/) * [Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/botnet/ "botnet") * [Command injection](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/command-injection/ "Command injection") * [CVE-2023-33538](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2023-33538/ "CVE-2023-33538") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/exploitation-of-cve-2023-33538/ "A Deep Dive Into Attempted Exploitation of CVE-2023-33538") ![Pictorial representation of BeyondTrust vulnerability CVE-2026-1731. Digital art depicting a stylized mountain range with vibrant blue and red hues. The peaks are accentuated by glowing particles and an abstract, starry backdrop, creating a futuristic landscape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/14_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) February 19, 2026 [#### VShell and SparkRAT Observed in Exploitation of BeyondTrust Critical Vulnerability (CVE-2026-1731)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/beyondtrust-cve-2026-1731/) * [Bash](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bash/ "bash") * [CVE-2026-1731](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1731/ "CVE-2026-1731") * [PowerShell](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/powershell/ "PowerShell") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/beyondtrust-cve-2026-1731/ "VShell and SparkRAT Observed in Exploitation of BeyondTrust Critical Vulnerability (CVE-2026-1731)") ![](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/AdobeStock_1020436911-786x440.jpeg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) February 17, 2026 [#### Critical Vulnerabilities in Ivanti EPMM Exploited](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ivanti-cve-2026-1281-cve-2026-1340/) * [CVE-2026-1281](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1281/ "CVE-2026-1281") * [CVE-2026-1340](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1340/ "CVE-2026-1340") * [Ivanti](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ivanti/ "Ivanti") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ivanti-cve-2026-1281-cve-2026-1340/ "Critical Vulnerabilities in Ivanti EPMM Exploited") ![Pictorial representation of CVE-2025-0921. Digital illustration of a map of North America with interconnected glowing lines and dots symbolizing network connections across the continent.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/06_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-2-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) January 30, 2026 [#### Privileged File System Vulnerability Present in a SCADA System](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/iconics-suite-cve-2025-0921/) * [CVE-2025-0921](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2025-0921/ "CVE-2025-0921") * [Privilege escalation](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/privilege-escalation/ "privilege escalation") * [SCADA](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/scada/ "SCADA") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/iconics-suite-cve-2025-0921/ "Privileged File System Vulnerability Present in a SCADA System") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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