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Unit 42 actively monitors infrastructure associated with several APT groups. One group in particular, [GALLIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0093/) (also known as Softcell), established its reputation by targeting telecommunications companies operating in Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa. The group's geographic targeting, sector-specific focus and technical proficiency, combined with their use of known Chinese threat actor malware and tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs), has resulted in industry [assessments](https://www.cybereason.com/blog/research/operation-soft-cell-a-worldwide-campaign-against-telecommunications-providers) that GALLIUM is likely a Chinese state-sponsored group. Over the past year, this group has extended its targeting beyond telecommunication companies to also include financial institutions and government entities. During this period, we have identified several connections between GALLIUM infrastructure and targeted entities across Afghanistan, Australia, Belgium, Cambodia, Malaysia, Mozambique, the Philippines, Russia and Vietnam. Most importantly, we have also identified the group's use of a new remote access trojan named PingPull. PingPull has the capability to leverage three protocols (ICMP, HTTP(S) and raw TCP) for command and control (C2). While the use of ICMP tunneling is not a new technique, PingPull uses ICMP to make it more difficult to detect its C2 communications, as few organizations implement inspection of ICMP traffic on their networks. This blog provides a detailed breakdown of this new tool as well as the GALLIUM group's recent infrastructure. Palo Alto Networks customers receive protections from the threats described in this blog through [Threat Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/subscriptions/threat-prevention), [Advanced URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering), [DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/dns-security), [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr) and [WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/wildfire) malware analysis. Full visualization of the techniques observed, relevant courses of action and indicators of compromise (IoCs) related to this report can be found in the [Unit 42 ATOM viewer](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atoms/alloytaurus/). |------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Related Unit 42 Topics | [Advanced persistent threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/apt/) | ## PingPull Malware PingPull was written in Visual C++ and provides a threat actor the ability to run commands and access a reverse shell on a compromised host. There are three variants of PingPull that are all functionally the same but use different protocols for communications with their C2: ICMP, HTTP(S) and raw TCP. In each of the variants, PingPull will create a custom string with the following structure that it will send to the C2 in all interactions, which we believe the C2 server will use to uniquely identify the compromised system: PROJECT\_\[uppercase executable name\]_\[uppercase computer name\]_\[uppercase hexadecimal IP address\] Regardless of the variant, PingPull is capable of installing itself as a service with the following description: Provides tunnel connectivity using IPv6 transition technologies (6to4, ISATAP, Port Proxy, and Teredo), and IP-HTTPS. If this service is stopped, the computer will not have the enhanced connectivity benefits that these technologies offer. The description is the exact same as the legitimate iphlpsvc service, which PingPull purposefully attempts to mimic using Iph1psvc for the service name and IP He1per instead of IP Helper for the display name. We have also seen a PingPull sample use this same service description but with a service name of Onedrive. The three variants of PingPull have the same commands available within their command handlers. The commands seen in Table 1 show that PingPull has the ability to perform a variety of activities on the file system, as well as the ability to run commands on cmd.exe that acts as a reverse shell for the actor. |-------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Command** | **Description** | | A | Enumerate storage volumes (A: through Z:) | | B | List folder contents | | C | Read File | | D | Write File | | E | Delete File | | F | Read file, convert to hexadecimal form | | G | Write file, convert from hexadecimal form | | H | Copy file, sets the creation, write, and access times to match original files | | I | Move file, sets the creation, write, and access times to match original files | | J | Create directory | | K | Timestomp file | | M | Run command via cmd.exe | *Table 1. Commands available in PingPull's command handler.* To run a command listed in Table 1, the actor would have the C2 server respond to a PingPull beacon with the command and arguments that it encrypts using AES in cipher block chaining (CBC) mode and encodes with base64. We have seen two unique AES keys between the known PingPull samples, specifically P29456789A1234sS and dC@133321Ikd!D^i. PingPull would decrypt the received data and would parse the cleartext for the command and additional arguments in the following structure: \&\[AES Key\]=\[command\]\&z0=\[unknown\]\&z1=\[argument 1\]\&z2=\[argument 2\] We are not sure of the purpose of the z0 parameter in the command string, as we observed PingPull parsing for this parameter but do not see the value being used. To confirm the structure of the command string, we used the following string when issuing commands in our analysis environment, which would instruct PingPull to read the contents of a file at C:\\test.txt: \&P29456789A1234sS=C\&z0=2\&z1=c:\\\\test.txt\&z2=none During our analysis, PingPull would respond to the command string above with ya1JF03nUKLg9TkhDgwvx5MSFIoMPllw1zLMC0h4IwM=, which decodes to and decrypts (AES key P29456789A1234sS) to some text in a test file.\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07, which is the content (PKCS5\_PADDING-padded) of the file C:\\test.txt on our analysis system. ## ICMP Variant PingPull samples that use ICMP for C2 communications issue ICMP Echo Request (ping) packets to the C2 server. The C2 server will reply to these Echo requests with an Echo Reply packet to issue commands to the system. Both the Echo Request and Echo Reply packets used by PingPull and its C2 server will have the same structure as follows: \[8-byte value\]R\[sequence number\].\[unique identifier string beginning with "PROJECT"\]\\r\\ntotal=\[length of total message\]\\r\\ncurrent=\[length of current message\]\\r\\n\[base64 encoded and AES encrypted data\] When issuing a beacon to its C2, PingPull will send an Echo Request packet to the C2 server with total and current set to 0 and will include no encoded and encrypted data, as seen in Figure 1. ![The data section in the ICMP packet in Figure 1 begins with an 8-byte value of 0x702437047E404103 (\\x03\\x41\\x40\\x7E\\x04\\x37\\x24\\x70) that PingPull has hardcoded in its code, which is immediately followed by a hardcoded R.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/word-image-74.png) Figure 1. PingPull ICMP beacon example with hardcoded 8-byte value. The data section in the ICMP packet in Figure 1 begins with an 8-byte value of 0x702437047E404103 (\\x03\\x41\\x40\\x7E\\x04\\x37\\x24\\x70) that PingPull has hardcoded in its code, which is immediately followed by a hardcoded R. However, another PingPull sample that used ICMP for its C2 communications omitted this 8-byte value, as seen in Figure 2. ![Another PingPull sample that used ICMP for its C2 communications omitted this 8-byte value, as seen here.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/word-image-75.png) Figure 2. PingPull ICMP beacon example without hardcoded 8-byte value. After the R is a sequence number that increments when sending or receiving data that exceeds the maximum size of the ICMP data section. The sequence number is immediately followed by a period "." and then the unique identifier string generated by PingPull that begins with PROJECT. The ICMP data section then includes total=\[integer\] and current=\[integer\], which are used by both PingPull and its C2 to determine the total length of the data transmitted and the length of the chunk of data transmitted in the current packet. The data transmitted in each ICMP packet comes in the form of a base64-encoded string of ciphertext generated using AES and the key specific to the sample. This encoded and encrypted data comes after the new line that immediately follows the "current" value. For instance, when responding to our test command, PingPull sent the ICMP Echo Request packet seen in Figure 3 to the C2 server, which has the expected base64-encoded string of ya1JF03nUKLg9TkhDgwvx5MSFIoMPllw1zLMC0h4IwM= for the results of the command. ![An ICMP Echo Request packet sent by PingPull in response to our test command.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/word-image-76.png) Figure 3. PingPull responding to command over ICMP. ## HTTPS Variant Another variant of PingPull uses HTTPS requests to communicate with its C2 server instead of ICMP. The initial beacon uses a POST request over this HTTPS channel, using the unique identifier string generated by PingPull as the URL. Figure 4 is an example POST request sent by PingPull as a beacon, where samp.exe was the filename, DESKTOP-U9SM1U2 was the hostname of the analysis system and 172.16.189\[.\]130 (0xAC10BD82) was the system's IP address. ![This is an example POST request sent by PingPull as a beacon, where samp.exe was the filename, DESKTOP-U9SM1U2 was the hostname of the analysis system and 172.16.189\[.\]130 was the system's IP address.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/word-image-77.png) Figure 4. PingPull HTTPS beacon example. The initial beacon is a POST request that did not have any data, which resulted in the Content-Length of 0 within the HTTP headers. When responding with the results to commands, PingPull will issue a second POST request using the same URL structure with the results in the data section in base64-encoded and encrypted form using the AES key. Figure 5 shows PingPull responding to our test command to read the contents of C:\\test.txt with ya1JF03nUKLg9TkhDgwvx5MSFIoMPllw1zLMC0h4IwM= in the data section of the POST request, which decodes and decrypts to some text in a test file.\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07. ![This shows PingPull responding to our test command to read the contents of C:\\test.txt with ya1JF03nUKLg9TkhDgwvx5MSFIoMPllw1zLMC0h4IwM= in the data section of the POST request, which decodes and decrypts to some text in a test file.\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07\\x07.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/word-image-78.png) Figure 5. PingPull responding with results of a command over HTTPS. ## TCP Variant This variant of PingPull does not use ICMP or HTTPS for C2 communication, rather it uses raw TCP for its C2 communication. Much like the other C2 channels, the data sent in this beacon includes the unique identifier string generated by PingPull that begins with PROJECT. However, the TCP C2 channel begins with a 4-byte value for the length of data that follows, as seen in the following beacon structure: \[DWORD length of data that follows\]PROJECT\_\[uppercase executable name\]_\[uppercase computer name\]_\[uppercase hexadecimal IP address\] Figure 6 shows an example of the entire TCP communications channel: * The beacon sent by PingPull in the first red text. * The C2 issuing a command in the blue text. * PingPull responding to the command in the second red text at the bottom of the image. ![An example of the entire TCP communications channel: The beacon sent by PingPull in the first set of text (highlighted red), the C2 issuing a command in the second set of text (highlighted blue) and Pingpull responding to the command in the third set of text (highlighted in red).](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/word-image-79.png) Figure 6. PingPull TCP beacon, C2 issuing command and PingPull sending result. The beacon seen in Figure 6 begins with a data length of 44-bytes (0x2c), with the unique identifier string generated where samp\_f86ebe.exe was the filename, DESKTOP-U9SM1U2 was the hostname of the analysis system and 172.16.189\[.\]130 (0xAC10BD82) was the system's IP address. The C2 response to the beacon begins with the data length of 64 bytes (0x40) followed by the base64-encoded string that represents the ciphertext of the command. PingPull ran the command supplied by the C2 and sent the results in a packet that begins with a data length of 44 bytes (0x2c), followed by the expected base64-encoded string of ya1JF03nUKLg9TkhDgwvx5MSFIoMPllw1zLMC0h4IwM= for the results of the command. ## Infrastructure On Sept. 9, 2021, a sample of PingPull named ServerMannger.exe (SHA256: de14f22c88e552b61c62ab28d27a617fb8c0737350ca7c631de5680850282761) was shared with the cybersecurity community by an organization in Vietnam. Analysis of this sample revealed that it was configured to call home to t1.hinitial\[.\]com. Pivoting on the C2, we identified several subdomains hosted under the hinitial\[.\]com domain that exhibited a similar naming pattern: t1.hinitial\[.\]com v2.hinitial\[.\]com v3.hinitial\[.\]com v4.hinitial\[.\]com v5.hinitial\[.\]com Digging deeper into these domains, we began to identify overlaps in certificate use between the various IP infrastructure associated with each of the subdomains. One certificate that stood out in particular was an oddly configured certificate with a SHA1 of 76efd8ef3f64059820d937fa87acf9369775ecd5. This certificate was created with a 10-year expiration window, a common name of bbb, and no other details, which immediately raised the question of legitimacy. ![The certificate shown includes several questionable features, as seen: It was created with a 10-year expiration window, a common name of bbb, and no other details.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/word-image-80.png) Figure 7. X.509 certificate associated with hinitial\[.\]com infrastructure. First seen in September 2020, this certificate was linked to six different IP addresses all hosting a variant of the hinitial\[.\]com subdomains as well as an additional pivot to a dynamic DNS host (goodjob36.publicvm\[.\]com). Continuing this method of pivoting across all of the PingPull samples and their associated C2 domains has resulted in the identification of over 170 IP addresses associated with this group dating back to late 2020. The most recent IP infrastructure is provided below for defensive purposes. ## Protections and Mitigations We recommend that telecommunications, finance and government organizations located across Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa leverage the indicators of compromise (IoCs) below to identify any impacts to your organizations. For Palo Alto Networks customers, our products and services provide the following coverage associated with this group: [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr) detects and protects endpoints from the PingPull malware. [WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/wildfire) cloud-based threat analysis service accurately identifies PingPull malware as malicious. [Threat Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/subscriptions/threat-prevention) provides protection against PingPull malware. The "Pingpull Command and Control Traffic Detection" signature (threat IDs 86625, 86626 and 86627) provides coverage for the ICMP, HTTP(S) and raw TCP C2 traffic. [Advanced URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering) and [DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/dns-security) identify domains associated with this group as malicious. Users of the [AutoFocus](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/autofocus) contextual threat intelligence service can view malware associated with these attacks using the PingPull tag. If you think you may have been impacted or have an urgent matter, get in touch with the[Unit 42 Incident Response team](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html) or call: * North America Toll-Free: 866.486.4842 (866.4.UNIT42) * EMEA: +31.20.299.3130 * APAC: +65.6983.8730 * Japan: +81.50.1790.0200 ## Conclusion GALLIUM remains an active threat to telecommunications, finance and government organizations across Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa. Over the past year, we have identified targeted attacks impacting nine nations. This group has deployed a new capability called PingPull in support of its espionage activities, and we encourage all organizations to leverage our findings to inform the deployment of protective measures to defend against this threat group. Special thanks to the NSA Cybersecurity Collaboration Center, the Australian Cyber Security Centre and other government partners for their collaboration and insights offered in support of this research. Palo Alto Networks has shared these findings, including file samples and indicators of compromise, with our fellow Cyber Threat Alliance members. CTA members use this intelligence to rapidly deploy protections to their customers and to systematically disrupt malicious cyber actors. Learn more about the [Cyber Threat Alliance](https://www.cyberthreatalliance.org/). ## Additional Resources [Mitre - GALLIUM group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0093/) [Microsoft - GALLIUM: Targeting Global Telecom](https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2019/12/12/gallium-targeting-global-telecom/) [CyberReason - Operation Soft Cell: A Worldwide Campaign Against Telecommunications Providers](https://www.cybereason.com/blog/research/operation-soft-cell-a-worldwide-campaign-against-telecommunications-providers) ## Indicators of Compromise ### Samples de14f22c88e552b61c62ab28d27a617fb8c0737350ca7c631de5680850282761 b4aabfb8f0327370ce80970c357b84782eaf0aabfc70f5e7340746f25252d541 fc2147ddd8613f08dd833b6966891de9e5309587a61e4b35408d56f43e72697e c55ab8fdd060fb532c599ee6647d1d7b52a013e4d8d3223b361db86c1f43e845 f86ebeb6b3c7f12ae98fe278df707d9ebdc17b19be0c773309f9af599243d0a3 8b664300fff1238d6c741ac17294d714098c5653c3ef992907fc498655ff7c20 1ce1eb64679689860a1eacb76def7c3e193504be53ebb0588cddcbde9d2b9fe6 ### PingPull C2 Locations df.micfkbeljacob\[.\]com t1.hinitial\[.\]com 5\.181.25\[.\]55 92\.38.135\[.\]62 5\.8.71\[.\]97 ### Domains micfkbeljacob\[.\]com df.micfkbeljacob\[.\]com jack.micfkbeljacob\[.\]com hinitial\[.\]com t1.hinitial\[.\]com v2.hinitial\[.\]com v3.hinitial\[.\]com v4.hinitial\[.\]com v5.hinitial\[.\]com goodjob36.publicvm\[.\]com goodluck23.jp\[.\]us helpinfo.publicvm\[.\]com Mailedc.publicvm\[.\]com ### IP Addresses (Active in last 30 days) 92\.38.135\[.\].62 5\.181.25\[.\]55 5\.8.71\[.\]97 101\.36.102\[.\]34 101\.36.102\[.\]93 101\.36.114\[.\]167 101\.36.123\[.\]191 103\.116.47\[.\]65 103\.179.188\[.\]93 103\.22.183\[.\]131 103\.22.183\[.\]138 103\.22.183\[.\]141 103\.22.183\[.\]146 103\.51.145\[.\]143 103\.61.139\[.\]71 103\.61.139\[.\]72 103\.61.139\[.\]75 103\.61.139\[.\]78 103\.61.139\[.\]79 103\.78.242\[.\]62 118\.193.56\[.\]130 118\.193.62\[.\]232 123\.58.196\[.\]208 123\.58.198\[.\]205 123\.58.203\[.\]19 128\.14.232\[.\]56 152\.32.165\[.\]70 152\.32.203\[.\]199 152\.32.221\[.\]222 152\.32.245\[.\]157 154\.222.238\[.\]50 154\.222.238\[.\]51 165\.154.52\[.\]41 165\.154.70\[.\]51 167\.88.182\[.\]166 176\.113.71\[.\]62 2\.58.242\[.\]230 2\.58.242\[.\]231 2\.58.242\[.\]235 202\.87.223\[.\]27 212\.115.54\[.\]54 37\.61.229\[.\]104 45\.116.13\[.\]153 45\.128.221\[.\]61 45\.128.221\[.\]66 45\.136.187\[.\]98 45\.14.66\[.\]230 45\.154.14\[.\]132 45\.154.14\[.\]164 45\.154.14\[.\]188 45\.154.14\[.\]254 45\.251.241\[.\]74 45\.251.241\[.\]82 45\.76.113\[.\]163 47\.254.192\[.\]79 92\.223.30\[.\]232 92\.223.30\[.\]52 92\.223.90\[.\]174 92\.223.93\[.\]148 92\.223.93\[.\]222 92\.38.139\[.\]170 92\.38.149\[.\]101 92\.38.149\[.\]241 92\.38.171\[.\]127 92\.38.176\[.\]47 107\.150.127\[.\]124 118\.193.56\[.\]131 176\.113.71\[.\]168 185\.239.227\[.\]12 194\.29.100\[.\]173 2\.58.242\[.\]236 45\.128.221\[.\]182 45\.154.14\[.\]191 47\.254.250\[.\]117 79\.133.124\[.\]88 103\.137.185\[.\]249 103\.61.139\[.\]74 107\.150.112\[.\]211 107\.150.127\[.\]140 146\.185.218\[.\]65 152\.32.221\[.\]242 165\.154.70\[.\]62 176\.113.68\[.\]12 185\.101.139\[.\]176 188\.241.250\[.\]152 188\.241.250\[.\]153 193\.187.117\[.\]144 196\.46.190\[.\]27 2\.58.242\[.\]229 2\.58.242\[.\]232 37\.61.229\[.\]106 45\.128.221\[.\]172 45\.128.221\[.\]186 45\.128.221\[.\]229 45\.134.169\[.\]147 103\.170.132\[.\]199 107\.150.110\[.\]233 152\.32.255\[.\]145 167\.88.182\[.\]107 185\.239.226\[.\]203 185\.239.227\[.\]34 45\.128.221\[.\]169 45\.136.187\[.\]41 137\.220.55\[.\]38 45\.133.238\[.\]234 103\.192.226\[.\]43 92\.38.149\[.\]88 5\.188.33\[.\]237 146\.185.218\[.\]176 43\.254.218\[.\]104 43\.254.218\[.\]57 43\.254.218\[.\]98 92\.223.59\[.\]84 43\.254.218\[.\]43 81\.28.13\[.\]48 89\.43.107\[.\]191 103\.123.134\[.\]145 103\.123.134\[.\]161 103\.123.134\[.\]165 103\.85.24\[.\]81 212\.115.54\[.\]241 43\.254.218\[.\]114 89\.43.107\[.\]190 103\.123.134\[.\]139 103\.123.134\[.\]240 103\.85.24\[.\]121 103\.169.91\[.\]93 103\.169.91\[.\]94 45\.121.50\[.\]230 *Updated June 13, 2022, at 4:45 a.m. PT* Back to top ### Tags * [Advanced Persistent Threat](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/advanced-persistent-threat/ "Advanced Persistent Threat") * [Alloy Taurus](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/alloy-taurus/ "Alloy Taurus") * [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor") * [GALLIUM](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/gallium/ "GALLIUM") * [Operation soft cell](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/operation-soft-cell/ "operation soft cell") * [PingPull](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/pingpull/ "PingPull") * [Remote Access Trojan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/remote-access-trojan/ "Remote Access Trojan") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Exposing HelloXD Ransomware and x4k](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/helloxd-ransomware/ "Exposing HelloXD Ransomware and x4k") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "article - table of contents") * [The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/ "article - table of contents") * [CL-STA-1062 Targets Southeast Asian Governments and Critical Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cl-sta-1062-tinyrct-backdoor/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Malware Resources ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 10, 2026 [#### The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE") ![Pictorial representation of a pay-per-install threat group campaign prodiving infection service for spreading malware. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/) * [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel") * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2") * [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America") ![Pictorial representation of vishing campaigns in Microsoft Teams. A digital image of a skull formed by blue binary code on a black background, with scattered ones and zeros and digital noise, symbolizes how stealthy prompt injection attacks can exploit AI logic to bypass security controls.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/01_Malware_Category_1920x900-5-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 31, 2026 [#### Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/) * [Cloaked Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloaked-ursa/ "Cloaked Ursa") * [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID") * [Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-teams/ "Microsoft Teams") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled malware. A vibrant digital interface displaying various icons and graphs, resembling a futuristic network or data analysis dashboard. The scene is illuminated with glowing lights and patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1270203474-2-1-786x368.png) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 25, 2026 [#### The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/) * [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor") * [Bitcoin](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bitcoin/ "Bitcoin") * [DLL hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-hijacking/ "DLL hijacking") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/ "The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution") ![Pictorial representation of identity abuse through trusted communication channels. Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/) * [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication") * [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft") * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/malware/ "malware") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels") ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. Digital screen with a warning sign reading "Malware." The background features lines of computer code and graphics, creating a sense of cybersecurity threat.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/07_Malware_Category_1920x900-3-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 11, 2026 [#### Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/) * [Android APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android-apk/ "Android APK") * [Ethereum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ethereum/ "Ethereum") * [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/ "HTTP") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet") ![Pictorial representatiom pf Aeternum's blockchain C2. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/) * [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum") * [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications") ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/) * [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain") * [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm") ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/) * [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API") * [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway") * [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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