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Threat Brief: Vulnerability in XZ Utils Data Compression Library Impacting Multiple Linux Distributions (CVE-2024-3094) ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 6 min read Related Products [![Advanced WildFire icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced WildFire](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-wildfire/ "Advanced WildFire")[![Cortex XDR icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cortex_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Cortex XDR](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/cortex-xdr/ "Cortex XDR")[![Cortex XSIAM icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cortex_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Cortex XSIAM](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/cortex-xsiam/ "Cortex XSIAM")[![Managed Threat Hunting icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/unit42_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Managed Threat Hunting](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/managed-threat-hunting/ "Managed Threat Hunting")[![Next-Generation Firewall icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Next-Generation Firewall](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/next-generation-firewall/ "Next-Generation Firewall")[![Prisma Cloud icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/prisma_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Prisma Cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/prisma-cloud/ "Prisma Cloud")[![Unit 42 Incident Response icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/unit42_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Unit 42 Incident Response](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/unit-42-incident-response/ "Unit 42 Incident Response") * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/unit42/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:March 30, 2024 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Cloud Cybersecurity Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/cloud-cybersecurity-research/) * [High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) * [Vulnerabilities](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/vulnerabilities/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [CVE-2024-3094](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-3094/) * [Linux](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/linux/) * [XZ Utils](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/xz-utils/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-xz-utils-cve-2024-3094/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=5f0cc26d8b "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-xz-utils-cve-2024-3094/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=5f0cc26d8b "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)]( "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fthreat-brief-xz-utils-cve-2024-3094%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)]( "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)]( "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fthreat-brief-xz-utils-cve-2024-3094%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)]( "Share in Mastodon") ## **Executive Summary** On March 28, 2024, Red Hat Linux announced CVE-2024-3094 with a critical CVSS score of 10. This vulnerability is a result of a supply chain compromise impacting the versions 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 of XZ Utils. XZ Utils is data compression software included in major Linux distributions. The [U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) has advised](https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2024/03/29/reported-supply-chain-compromise-affecting-xz-utils-data-compression-library-cve-2024-3094) people to downgrade to an uncompromised XZ Utils version (earlier than 5.6.0). The newly disclosed vulnerability has been assigned the following CVE: |-----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------| | **CVE Number** | **Description** | **CVSS Severity** | | [CVE-2024-3094](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3094) | Malicious code was discovered in the upstream tarballs of xz, starting with version 5.6.0. Through a series of complex obfuscations, the liblzma build process extracts a prebuilt object file from a disguised test file existing in the source code, which is then used to modify specific functions in the liblzma code. This results in a modified liblzma library that can be used by any software linked against this library, intercepting and modifying the data interaction with this library. | 10.0 Critical | Palo Alto Networks customers are better protected from and can implement mitigations for CVE-2024-3094 in the following ways: * The [Next-Generation Firewall](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/next-generation-firewall) with cloud-delivered security services including [Advanced WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-wildfire) detects the compromised versions described in this report as malicious, as well as features known to be associated with the backdoors. * [Cortex XDR](https://docs-cortex.paloaltonetworks.com/p/XDR) and [XSIAM](https://docs-cortex.paloaltonetworks.com/p/XSIAM) help protect against post-exploitation activities using the multi-layer protection approach. Cortex customers using the [Host Insights](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/apps/pan/public/downloadResource?pagePath=/content/pan/en_US/resources/datasheets/host-insights-for-cortex-xdr) module can detect if the vulnerability exists on protected devices. * [Prisma Cloud](https://www.prismacloud.io/blog/prisma-cloud/find-fix-zero-day-cves/) has out-of-the-box detection capabilities in place that will help prevent the launch of images with CVE-2024-3094. * The [Unit 42 Managed Threat Hunting](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-threat-hunting) team is monitoring attempted malicious activities against our customers. The XQL queries shared in [that section below](#post-133225-_vgezw6a4uez) can also be used by Cortex XDR customers to search for affected versions of XZ Utils. * The [Unit 42 Incident Response team](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html) can also be engaged to help with a compromise or to provide a proactive assessment to lower your risk. ## **Details of CVE-2024-3094** On March 28, 2024, Red Hat Linux announced CVE-2024-3094 with a critical CVSS score of 10. This vulnerability is a result of a supply chain compromise impacting the latest versions of XZ tools and libraries. XZ Utils is data compression software included in major Linux distributions. Versions 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 of the libraries contain malicious code that modifies functions during the liblzma build process. Liblzma is a data compression library. This malicious code results in a compromised liblzma library, which may modify or intercept data from other applications that leverage the library. Under certain conditions this code may allow unauthorized access to affected systems. A security researcher, Andres Freund, found the malicious code when he saw failing ssh logins using high CPU loads. When researching the cause of the high CPU utilization he then also noticed slower logins which led to further exploration and discovery of the vulnerability. ## **Affected Versions and Mitigation Actions** All major Linux distros recommend either reverting back to versions built prior to the inclusion of XZ Utils 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 or migrating to updated releases. Please check the notification page for your specific distribution for additional updates and guidance. |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Distro** | **Affected Version** | | [Red Hat](https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/urgent-security-alert-fedora-41-and-rawhide-users) | Fedora Linux 40 and Fedora Rawhide | | [Debian](https://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/2024/msg00057.html) | No Debian stable versions are known to be affected. Compromised packages were part of the Debian testing, unstable and experimental distributions, with versions ranging from 5.5.1alpha-0.1 (uploaded on 2024-02-01), up to and including 5.6.1-1. | | [Kali](https://infosec.exchange/@kalilinux/112180505434870941) | The impact of this vulnerability affected Kali between March 26-29. If you updated your Kali installation on or after March 26, it is crucial to apply the latest updates today to address this issue. However, if you did not update your Kali installation before March 26, you are not affected by this backdoor vulnerability. | | [OpenSUSE](https://news.opensuse.org/2024/03/29/xz-backdoor/) | OpenSUSE Tumbleweed and OpenSUSE Micro OS between March 7th and March 28th 2024. | | [Alpine](https://security.alpinelinux.org/vuln/CVE-2024-3094) | 5.6 versions prior to 5.6.1-r2 | | [Arch](https://archlinux.org/news/the-xz-package-has-been-backdoored/) | \* Installation medium 2024.03.01 \* Virtual machine images 20240301.218094 and 20240315.221711 \* Container images created between and including 2024-02-24 and 2024-03-28 | Additionally, [HomeBrew package manager](https://github.com/orgs/Homebrew/discussions/5243) is forcing downgrades to 5.4.6. They do not believe Homebrew's builds were compromised but are taking this action as a precaution. [Amazon](https://aws.amazon.com/security/security-bulletins/AWS-2024-002/) has stated that Amazon Linux customers are not affected by this issue, and no action is required. ## **Conclusion** Unit 42 will continue to monitor the situation and will update this post as more information becomes available. ## **Unit 42 Managed Threat Hunting Queries** The Unit 42 Managed Threat Hunting team continues to track any attempted malicious activities across relevant Linux distributions used by our customers, using Cortex XDR and the XQL queries below. Cortex XDR customers can also use these XQL queries to search for affected versions of XZ Utils. //This query searches for XZ Utils versions 5.6.0 or 5.6.1, requires the Host Insights module. config case\_sensitive = false | preset = host\_inventory\_applications | filter (application\_name contains "XZ-UTILS" AND version = "5.6.0") OR (application\_name contains "XZ-UTILS" AND version = "5.6.1") |---------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 2 3 4 | //This query searches for XZ Utils versions 5.6.0 or 5.6.1, requires the Host Insights module. config case\_sensitive = false | preset = host\_inventory\_applications | filter (application\_name contains "XZ-UTILS" AND version = "5.6.0") OR (application\_name contains "XZ-UTILS" AND version = "5.6.1") | //This query aims to identify hosts running XZ Utils versions 5.6.0 or 5.6.1 that have received inbound SSH connections from external ip addresses, requires the Host Insights module. config case\_sensitive = false | preset = host\_inventory\_applications | filter (application\_name contains "xz-util" AND version = "5.6.0") OR (application\_name contains "xz-util" AND version = "5.6.1") | fields endpoint\_name, application\_name, version | join type = left ( dataset = xdr\_data | filter agent\_os\_type = ENUM.AGENT\_OS\_LINUX | filter event\_type = ENUM.NETWORK | filter actor\_process\_image\_name in ("ssh", "sshd") | filter action\_remote\_ip != null | alter Ip\_Address = action\_remote\_ip | alter IP\_Address\_Private = if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "10.0.0.0/8") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "127.0.0.0/8") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "169.254.0.0/16") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "172.16.0.0/12") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "192.168.0.0/16") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr6(Ip\_Address, "fe80::/64") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr6(Ip\_Address, "::/128") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr6(Ip\_Address, "::1/128") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr6(Ip\_Address, "fc00::/7") = true, "TRUE", "FALSE"))))))))) | filter (IP\_Address\_Private != "TRUE") | fields agent\_hostname, actor\_process\_image\_name, Ip\_Address ) as ssh\_network ssh\_network.agent\_hostname = endpoint\_name |dedup endpoint\_name |----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | //This query aims to identify hosts running XZ Utils versions 5.6.0 or 5.6.1 that have received inbound SSH connections from external ip addresses, requires the Host Insights module. config case\_sensitive = false | preset = host\_inventory\_applications | filter (application\_name contains "xz-util" AND version = "5.6.0") OR (application\_name contains "xz-util" AND version = "5.6.1") | fields endpoint\_name, application\_name, version | join type = left ( dataset = xdr\_data | filter agent\_os\_type = ENUM.AGENT\_OS\_LINUX | filter event\_type = ENUM.NETWORK | filter actor\_process\_image\_name in ("ssh", "sshd") | filter action\_remote\_ip != null | alter Ip\_Address = action\_remote\_ip | alter IP\_Address\_Private = if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "10.0.0.0/8") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "127.0.0.0/8") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "169.254.0.0/16") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "172.16.0.0/12") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr(Ip\_Address, "192.168.0.0/16") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr6(Ip\_Address, "fe80::/64") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr6(Ip\_Address, "::/128") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr6(Ip\_Address, "::1/128") = true, "TRUE", if (incidr6(Ip\_Address, "fc00::/7") = true, "TRUE", "FALSE"))))))))) | filter (IP\_Address\_Private != "TRUE") | fields agent\_hostname, actor\_process\_image\_name, Ip\_Address ) as ssh\_network ssh\_network.agent\_hostname = endpoint\_name |dedup endpoint\_name | ## **Palo Alto Networks Product Protections for the XZ Util Vulnerability** Based on the information presently known, Palo Alto Networks products and cloud services do not contain affected XZ software packages and are not impacted by these issues. Read our [informational bulletin](https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2024-3094) for more details. Palo Alto Networks customers can leverage a variety of product protections and updates to identify and defend against this threat. If you think you may have been compromised or have an urgent matter, get in touch with the [Unit 42 Incident Response team](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html) or call: * North America Toll-Free: 866.486.4842 (866.4.UNIT42) * EMEA: +31.20.299.3130 * APAC: +65.6983.8730 * Japan: +81.50.1790.0200 ### Advanced WildFire The [Next-Generation Firewall](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/next-generation-firewall) with cloud-delivered security services including [Advanced WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-wildfire) detects the compromised versions described in this report as malicious, as well as features known to be associated with the backdoors. ### Cortex XDR and XSIAM [Cortex XDR](https://docs-cortex.paloaltonetworks.com/p/XDR) and [XSIAM](https://docs-cortex.paloaltonetworks.com/p/XSIAM) agents help protect against post-exploitation activities using the multi-layer protection approach. Cortex customers using the [Host Insights](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/apps/pan/public/downloadResource?pagePath=/content/pan/en_US/resources/datasheets/host-insights-for-cortex-xdr) module can detect if the vulnerability exists on protected devices. XDR customers can find and upgrade software vulnerable to this issue centrally from the XDR console. Our InfoSec SOC team used the following XQL query to find vulnerable versions of XZ on our endpoints: dataset = xdr\_data |alter CMD = arrayindex(regextract(action\_file\_path, "(.\*\\/xz\\/5.6\[.1|.0\]+)"),0) |filter CMD != null |fields action\_file\_path,actor\_effective\_username, CMD, agent\_hostname, action\_username, causality\_actor\_effective\_username |dedup agent\_hostname,CMD,actor\_effective\_username |-----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 2 3 4 5 | dataset = xdr\_data |alter CMD = arrayindex(regextract(action\_file\_path, "(.\*\\/xz\\/5.6\[.1|.0\]+)"),0) |filter CMD != null |fields action\_file\_path,actor\_effective\_username, CMD, agent\_hostname, action\_username, causality\_actor\_effective\_username |dedup agent\_hostname,CMD,actor\_effective\_username | Once you review the results, if you identify installations of software that need to be updated, you can execute an endpoint script on a particular software package. For example, to upgrade a vulnerable HomeBrew installation on a list of Macs to the latest version (with the downgraded, safe, version of XZ) you can execute the following commands via XDR on your endpoints. The menu options to follow are: Incident Response → Action Center → Run Endpoint Script → Execute Commands. /usr/bin/sudo -u $( echo "show State:/Users/ConsoleUser" | /usr/sbin/scutil | /usr/bin/awk '/Name :/ \&\& ! /loginwindow/ { print $3 }' ) /usr/local/bin/brew upgrade xz |---|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 | /usr/bin/sudo -u $( echo "show State:/Users/ConsoleUser" | /usr/sbin/scutil | /usr/bin/awk '/Name :/ \&\& ! /loginwindow/ { print $3 }' ) /usr/local/bin/brew upgrade xz | ![GUI of Cortex XSIAM.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image-20.png) Figure 1. Cortex XSIAM Incident Response Action Center with Run Endpoint Script selected. ### Prisma Cloud [Prisma Cloud](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/prisma-cloud) has out-of-the-box detection capabilities in place that will help prevent the launch of images with CVE-2024-3094. Prisma Cloud's agentless approach provides you with a comprehensive lifecycle overview from Code Repository to Cloud and simplified filter options that enable you to identify vulnerable hosts, high privilege access and potential exposure to the internet. Additionally, its defender component or pipeline integration offer real-time insights and protection capabilities, enabling you to prevent the launch of images with the CVE or detect and prevent anomalous behavior. Our researchers [validated this capability](https://www.prismacloud.io/blog/prisma-cloud/find-fix-zero-day-cves/) relative to this CVE by committing a Dockerfile and then triggering a CI/CD pipeline to build and deploy the Docker image. ## **Additional Resources** * [Find and Fix XZ Utils in Just a Few Clicks](https://www.prismacloud.io/blog/prisma-cloud/find-fix-zero-day-cves/) -- Prisma Cloud Blog, Palo Alto Networks * [Reported Supply Chain Compromise Affecting XZ Utils Data Compression Library, CVE-2024-3094](https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2024/03/29/reported-supply-chain-compromise-affecting-xz-utils-data-compression-library-cve-2024-3094) -- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) * [NVD - CVE-2024-3094](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3094) -- NIST * [Brew install xz installs the outdated version 5.4.6 instead of 5.6.1](https://github.com/orgs/Homebrew/discussions/5243) -- Homebrew, Discussion #5243 on GitHub * [Urgent security alert for Fedora Linux 40 and Fedora Rawhide users](https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/urgent-security-alert-fedora-41-and-rawhide-users) --- Red Hat * [Debian Security Advisory DSA-5649: 1xz-utils security update](https://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/2024/msg00057.html) -- Debian * [Kali Linux: "As of the information we have ..."](https://infosec.exchange/@kalilinux/112180505434870941) -- infosec.exchange on Mastodon * [OpenSUSE - Open Build Service Request 1163302](https://build.opensuse.org/request/show/1163302) -- Open Build Service * [CVE-2024-3094](https://security.alpinelinux.org/vuln/CVE-2024-3094) -- Alpine Security Tracker * [News: The xz package has been backdoored](https://archlinux.org/news/the-xz-package-has-been-backdoored/) -- Arch Linux *Updated March 31, 2024, at 9:30 a.m. PT to add an additional XQL query and additional details about Cortex XDR protections.* *Updated March 31, 2024, at 7:15 p.m. PT to add a link to additional info about Host Insights.* *Updated April 1, 2024, at 8:15 a.m. PT to add info on Advanced WildFire protections.* *Updated April 2, 2024, at 10 a.m. PT to add a link to the Palo Alto Networks Product Security Assurance team's assessment that PANW products and cloud services are not impacted by these issues.* *Updated April 3, 2024, at 1:45 p.m. PT to expand Cortex XDR product protection information on endpoints.* *Updated April 11, 2024, at 12:45 p.m. PT to add to Additional Resources section.* Back to top ### Tags * [CVE-2024-3094](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2024-3094/ "CVE-2024-3094") * [Linux](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/linux/ "Linux") * [XZ Utils](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/xz-utils/ "XZ Utils") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Exposing a New BOLA Vulnerability in Grafana](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-bola-vulnerability-grafana/ "Exposing a New BOLA Vulnerability in Grafana") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "article - table of contents") * [Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "article - table of contents") * [Copy Fail: What You Need to Know About the Most Severe Linux Threat in Years](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2026-31431-copy-fail/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Resources ![Pictorial representation of how AWS neutralizes compromised IAM credentials. Digital illustration of a glowing cloud composed of binary code, surrounded by dynamic red and blue light streaks, symbolizing cloud computing technology.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 21, 2026 [#### From Exposure to Lockdown: How AWS Neutralizes Compromised IAM Credentials through Managed Policies](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/detecting-exposed-aws-iam-credentials/) * [AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/ "AWS") * [AWS CloudTrail](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws-cloudtrail/ "AWS CloudTrail") * [Bedrock](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bedrock/ "bedrock") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/detecting-exposed-aws-iam-credentials/ "From Exposure to Lockdown: How AWS Neutralizes Compromised IAM Credentials through Managed Policies") ![Pictorial representation of how default AWS AgentCore Harness configurations allow prompt injection to exfiltrate AgentCore Identity credentials. Futuristic illustration with glowing neon lights and advanced technology motifs, depicting cloud computing and data flow through interconnected networks. The scene is highlighted by hovering digital clouds and dynamic, illuminated linear structures, set in a dramatic, blue and orange color scheme.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/03_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 18, 2026 [#### A Vault with a Heap-View: The Uncomfortable Space Between AgentCore Harness and Identity](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/securing-aws-agentcore-harness-credentials/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/ "AWS") * [Cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud/ "Cloud") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/securing-aws-agentcore-harness-credentials/ "A Vault with a Heap-View: The Uncomfortable Space Between AgentCore Harness and Identity") ![Pictorial representation of automated detection. Digital illustration of a glowing blue brain connected to a network of lines and lights.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 14, 2026 [#### Unmasking Cloud Identities: From Behavioral Clustering to Automated Detection](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/behavioral-clustering-map-to-cloud-identities/) * [AWS CloudTrail](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws-cloudtrail/ "AWS CloudTrail") * [Cloud detection](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud-detection/ "cloud detection") * [DevOps](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/devops/ "DevOps") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/behavioral-clustering-map-to-cloud-identities/ "Unmasking Cloud Identities: From Behavioral Clustering to Automated Detection") ![Pictorial representation of a group of people interacting with a dynamic 3D holographic display of colorful, undulating data waves on a table.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/11_Myth-Busting_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Insights-icon-white.svg)Insights](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/insights/) August 4, 2026 [#### The Frontier AI Vulnerability Burst: Industrializing Autonomous Zero-Day Discovery in Open-Source Software](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/frontier-ai-vulnerability-burst/) * [AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai/ "AI") * [Frontier AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/frontier-ai/ "Frontier AI") * [Vulnerability Exploitation](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/vulnerability-exploitation/ "Vulnerability Exploitation") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/frontier-ai-vulnerability-burst/ "The Frontier AI Vulnerability Burst: Industrializing Autonomous Zero-Day Discovery in Open-Source Software") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled autonomous cyberattacks. A digital illustration depicting abstract, interconnected data streams in vibrant colors on a dark blue background](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/AdobeStock_992950050-3-782x440.jpeg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) July 30, 2026 [#### Chinese-Speaking Threat Actor Harnesses AI Models for Autonomous Cyberattacks](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/autonomous-ai-cyber-attack-campaign/) * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") * [CVEs](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cves/ "CVEs") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/autonomous-ai-cyber-attack-campaign/ "Chinese-Speaking Threat Actor Harnesses AI Models for Autonomous Cyberattacks") ![Pictorial representation of three zero-day vulnerabilities in Siemens ROX II OT switches. Digital illustration of a global network featuring interconnected lines and nodes over a map of the world, highlighted with neon lights and digital elements.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/03_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) July 17, 2026 [#### Three Steps to the Terminal: A Siemens ROX II Zero-Day Trilogy](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/siemens-rox-ii-zero-day-vulnerabilities/) * [Command injection](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/command-injection/ "Command injection") * [CVE-2025-40947](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2025-40947/ "CVE-2025-40947") * [CVE-2025-40948](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2025-40948/ "CVE-2025-40948") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/siemens-rox-ii-zero-day-vulnerabilities/ "Three Steps to the Terminal: A Siemens ROX II Zero-Day Trilogy") ![Pictorial representation of bucket hijacking technique for cloud data exfiltration. Digital illustration of Europe map highlighting network connections and nodes, depicted as glowing points and lines on a dark blue background, emphasizing major cities and connectivity across the continent.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/09_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) June 22, 2026 [#### The Global Namespace Risk: Universal Bucket Hijacking Technique for Cloud Data Exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-bucket-hijacking-risks/) * [AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/ "AWS") * [Bucket hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bucket-hijacking/ "bucket hijacking") * [Cloud data exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud-data-exfiltration/ "cloud data exfiltration") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-bucket-hijacking-risks/ "The Global Namespace Risk: Universal Bucket Hijacking Technique for Cloud Data Exfiltration") ![Pictorial representation of Vertex AI model uploads. Close-up view of a digital wall displaying various glowing icons, representing a high-tech network interface.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/AdobeStock_1270203474-1-786x354.png) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) June 16, 2026 [#### Pickle in the Middle -- Hijacking Vertex AI Model Uploads for Cross-Tenant RCE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hijacking-vertex-ai-model/) * [Bucket squatting](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bucket-squatting/ "bucket squatting") * [Google Cloud](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google-cloud/ "Google Cloud") * [Joblib](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/joblib/ "joblib") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hijacking-vertex-ai-model/ "Pickle in the Middle – Hijacking Vertex AI Model Uploads for Cross-Tenant RCE") ![Pictorial representation of Cloud Logging services for defense evasion. A vibrant digital illustration depicting a glowing, neon blue cloud symbol positioned over a circuit board landscape. The cloud symbolizes cloud computing technology, and the landscape features intricate electronic circuits with glowing lines and nodes, suggesting high-tech data transfer and connectivity.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/11_Cloud_cybersecurity_research_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) June 9, 2026 [#### Blinding the Watchmen: Abusing Cloud Logging Services for Defense Evasion and Visibility](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-logging-defense-evasion/) * [AWS CloudTrail](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws-cloudtrail/ "AWS CloudTrail") * [Cloud logging](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloud-logging/ "cloud logging") * [Defense evasion](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/defense-evasion/ "defense evasion") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cloud-logging-defense-evasion/ "Blinding the Watchmen: Abusing Cloud Logging Services for Defense Evasion and Visibility") ![Pictorial representation of PAN-OS CVE-2026-0257. A vibrant city skyline at night, with tall skyscrapers and glowing digital beams extending into the sky, suggesting advanced technology and connectivity.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/07_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) June 9, 2026 [#### Threat Brief: Active Exploitation of PAN-OS CVE-2026-0257](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/active-exploitation-of-pan-os-cve-2026-0257/) * [CVE-2026-0257](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-0257/ "CVE-2026-0257") * [Vulnerability](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/vulnerability/ "vulnerability") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/active-exploitation-of-pan-os-cve-2026-0257/ "Threat Brief: Active Exploitation of PAN-OS CVE-2026-0257") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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