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Attack Delivers '9002' Trojan Through Google Drive ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 8 min read Related Products [![Advanced WildFire icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced WildFire](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-wildfire/ "Advanced WildFire") * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Jen Miller-Osborn](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/jen-miller-osborn/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:July 26, 2016 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/) * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [9002 Trojan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/9002-trojan/) * [Google Drive](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google-drive/) * [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/) * [Poison Ivy](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/poison-ivy/) * [TinyURL](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/tinyurl/) * [Trojan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/trojan/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit-42-attack-delivers-9002-trojan-through-google-drive/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=0e8fcd9e01 "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit-42-attack-delivers-9002-trojan-through-google-drive/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=0e8fcd9e01 "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)](mailto:?subject=Attack%20Delivers%20‘9002’%20Trojan%20Through%20Google%20Drive&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit-42-attack-delivers-9002-trojan-through-google-drive%2F "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit-42-attack-delivers-9002-trojan-through-google-drive%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit-42-attack-delivers-9002-trojan-through-google-drive%2F&title=Attack%20Delivers%20‘9002’%20Trojan%20Through%20Google%20Drive "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit-42-attack-delivers-9002-trojan-through-google-drive%2F&text=Attack%20Delivers%20‘9002’%20Trojan%20Through%20Google%20Drive "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit-42-attack-delivers-9002-trojan-through-google-drive%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=Attack%20Delivers%20‘9002’%20Trojan%20Through%20Google%20Drive%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit-42-attack-delivers-9002-trojan-through-google-drive%2F "Share in Mastodon") Unit 42 recently observed a 9002 Trojan delivered using a combination of shortened links and a shared file hosted on Google Drive. The delivery method also uses an actor-controlled server hosting a custom redirection script to track successful clicks by targeted email addresses. The infrastructure associated with this 9002 Trojan sample was also found to have previous ties to attacks on Myanmar and other Asian countries that used Poison Ivy as the payload, including a recent, and possibly ongoing campaign against Taiwan. ### Short but sweet... While we do not have specific telemetry on the attack at this time, we believe the attack relies on a shortened link (in this case using the URL shortening service TinyURL) to deliver the 9002 payload. The shortened URL is as follows: hxxp://tinyurl\[.\]com/zmu4dry This shortened link redirects to an actor-controlled server that we refer to as a redirection server, as it hosts a script responsible for redirecting the browser to another location. The shortened link above points to: hxxp://222.239.91\[.\]152?\QGdtYWlsLmNvbWh0dHA6Ly90aW55dXJsLmNvbS9qZmo5b3V2 The URL above contains base64 encoded data, which we believe will then be decoded by the server. The base64 encoded parameter in the URL redirect decodes to: \@gmail.comhttp://tinyurl\[.\]com/jfj9ouv The Gmail address in the decoded data is the legitimate address of a well-known politician and human rights activist in Myanmar. The shortened URL within the decoded data, specifically 'hxxp://tinyurl\[.\]com/jfj9ouv' again redirects to: hxxps://drive.google\[.\]com/uc?id=0B0eVt8dSXzFuN2ltVlVkVl8zNVU\&authuser=0\&export=download ### Actor's Redirection Server The server with an IP address of '222.239.91\[.\]152' appears to run a script that parses parameters from inbound HTTP requests. To better determine the script's functionality, we issued a series of HTTP requests to the redirection server to figure out the purpose of the base64 encoded data within the URL and to determine the strings that the script uses to redirect the browser. Our initial HTTP request, as seen in Figure 1, involved the URL pointed to by the initial shortened link associated with this attack. As seen from the HTTP response, the script issued an HTTP 302 Moved Temporarily response to relocate the browser to the URL in the "Location" field, which is the same URL from the decoded base64 data sent in the HTTP request. $ curl -i -A "Mozzarella/4.0" 222.239.91\[.\]152?\QGdtYWlsLmNvbWh0dHA6Ly90aW55dXJsLmNvbS9qZmo5b3V2 HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily Connection: close Content-Length: 0 Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2016 16:25:28 GMT Location: http://tinyurl\[.\]com/jfj9ouv |-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 2 3 4 5 6 | $ curl -i -A "Mozzarella/4.0" 222.239.91\[.\]152?\QGdtYWlsLmNvbWh0dHA6Ly90aW55dXJsLmNvbS9qZmo5b3V2 HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily Connection: close Content-Length: 0 Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2016 16:25:28 GMT Location: http://tinyurl\[.\]com/jfj9ouv | Figure 1 Response to HTTP request to initial delivery URL The second test HTTP request we issued used the base64 encoded data for the string "fake@gmail.comhttp://yahoo.com", which as seen in Figure 2 would redirect the browser to "http://yahoo.com" via an HTTP 302 response. This suggests that the email string is not used for any sort of authentication for the inbound request, and instead is possibly used by the threat actors to track successful clicks by a targeted email. $ curl -i -A "Mozzarella/4.0" http://222.239.91\[.\]152/?ZmFrZUBnbWFpbC5jb21odHRwOi8veWFob28uY29t HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily Connection: close Content-Length: 0 Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2016 17:10:33 GMT Location: http://yahoo.com |-------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 2 3 4 5 6 | $ curl -i -A "Mozzarella/4.0" http://222.239.91\[.\]152/?ZmFrZUBnbWFpbC5jb21odHRwOi8veWFob28uY29t HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily Connection: close Content-Length: 0 Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2016 17:10:33 GMT Location: http://yahoo.com | Figure 2 Test request confirming that the redirection server uses the base64 decoded data for redirection We issued an HTTP request using the base64 encoded data for the string "fake@gmail.comyahoo.com". Figure 3 shows that the server responded with an HTTP 200 OK response that attempts to resemble an HTTP 403 Forbidden response, by writing "403 Forbidden" to the browser window. This error suggests that the redirection script on the server parses the base64 decoded data for the string "http" to determine the redirection location. $ curl -i -A "Mozzarella/4.0" http://222.239.91\[.\]152/?ZmFrZUBnbWFpbC5jb215YWhvby5jb20 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: close Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Length: 89 Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2016 17:11:10 GMT \\\403 Forbidden\\\\403 Forbidden\\\ |-----------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | $ curl -i -A "Mozzarella/4.0" http://222.239.91\[.\]152/?ZmFrZUBnbWFpbC5jb215YWhvby5jb20 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: close Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Length: 89 Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2016 17:11:10 GMT \\\403 Forbidden\\\\403 Forbidden\\\ | Figure 3 Test request showing the redirection server requires "http" within the base64 decoded data We ran subsequent test requests to find additional strings that the script would check for within the base64 decoded data, which it uses to determine the location it should redirect the browser. We found that the script also supports redirection to URLs that begin with "https". Also, the script is case sensitive, as requests for URLs with "HTTP" and "HTTPS" resulted in the same 403 Forbidden response seen in Figure 3. Lastly, we determined that the script does not require the "://" characters after "http" and "https". ### Trojan from the Cloud In the delivery of this attack, the shortened link that the redirection server redirects to points to a Zip file hosted on Google Drive. The Zip file has a filename of "2nd Myanmar Industrial Human Resource Development Symposium.zip" (SHA256: c11b963e2df167766e32b14fb05fd71409092092db93b310a953e1d0e9ec9bc3) and contains one executable that was added on July 13, 2016. The executable within this Zip archive has a filename "2nd Myanmar Industrial Human Resource Development Symposium.exe" (SHA256: 49ac6a6c5449396b98a89709b0ad21d078af783ec8f1cd32c1c8b5ae71bec129). It is a dropper Trojan that saves a decoy and a payload to the system then opens both. The executable uses the PowerPoint icon, as seen in Figure 4 to trick the victim into launching the executable by making the user think the file is a PowerPoint presentation. [![FIGURE 4](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FIGURE-4-.jpg)](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/?attachment_id=16204) Figure 4 Payload has a PowerPoint icon to trick the victim into double clicking the executable The decoy, seen in Figure 5, is a PowerPoint presentation that contains details of a conference in Myanmar held on July 30, 2016, titled "Role of JMVTI Aung San and Building of Clean and Safe Automobile Society". The Japan Myanmar Vocational Training Institute (JMVTI) Aung San is a forthcoming vocational training center established by the Asia Environmental Technology Promotion Institute under Myanmar's Ministry of Science and Technology. [![FIGURE5](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FIGURE5-500x442.png)](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/?attachment_id=16207) Figure 5 Decoy document opened during the installation of the 9002 Trojan In regards to the payload, the dropper creates a randomly named folder within the current user's folder (%USERPROFILE%), which it uses to store the following files: * RealNetwork.exe (SHA256: 10d40c51d85ea9ced6050b8951802aaebe81f7db13f42fe5a5589172af481a7e) * main.dll (SHA256: 53671fe98a0c8c85f6f8eabfa851e27b437f6c392b46e42ddea3f0a656591b12) * mpaplugins\\MPAMedia.dll (SHA256: f76f639f2a7b8f39abf83737c6d3e533be66398c85ec95526e4b13561e15fbae) The 'RealNetwork.exe' file is a legitimate executable signed to 'RealNetworks, Inc.' that loads 'mpaplugins\\MPAMedia.dll' to call a function named 'BuildDeviceDatabase'. The threat actors however, leverage the legitimate executable to [sideload](https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/DLL_side-loading) a DLL they created by saving the 'mpaplugins\\MPAMedia.dll' to the randomly named folder created by the dropper. The sideloaded 'MPAMedia.dll' DLL first checks to make sure the system time is greater than May 20, 2016 as a likely attempt for sandbox evasion. It will then load the 'main.dll' file initially saved to the randomly named folder created by the dropper. The overall loading process of this Trojan can be seen in Figure 6. [![figure6](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/figure6-1.jpg)](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/?attachment_id=16210) Figure 6 Overview of DLL sideloading process The 'MPAMedia.dll" DLL calls exported functions named "stdInstall" and "CreateFunc" from within 'main.dll'. The 'stdInstall' function is responsible for creating the following autorun registry key for persistence purposes: Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\\RealNetwork The 'CreateFunc' exported function returns the offset within the 'main.dll' file to shellcode that contains 9002 Trojan's actual functional code, which 'MPAMedia.dll' DLL will then create a thread to execute the Trojan. The 9002 Trojan creates two mutexes during its execution: F16ME and widfasdf. It also creates the following registry key that it uses to store the path to the user's folder (%USERPROFILE%): HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\F6\\uid The Trojan uses the path stored in this registry key to locate its configuration, which it decrypts using a multiple-byte XOR algorithm and a key of "1pKFmjw". Figure 7 shows a hexdump of the decrypted configuration for this sample of 9002. [![FIGURE7](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FIGURE7-500x557.png)](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/?attachment_id=16213) Figure 7 9002 Trojan's configuration Using the configuration file above, the 9002 Trojan communicates with the following domain that acts as its command and control (C2) server: logitechwkgame\[.\]com The Trojan sends network beacons to its C2 server using two different methods. The first method, seen in Figure 8 uses a custom protocol on TCP port 80 that begins with the string '9002', which is the basis of the tool's name. If the C2 server responds, the Trojan will send system specific information along with the strings "jackhex" and "2016" from the configuration file. "jackhex" has also been seen in a C2 for what is likely related Poison Ivy activity, discussed briefly later in this blog. [![FIGURE8](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FIGURE8-500x38.png)](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/?attachment_id=16216) Figure 8 Network beacon using custom 9002 protocol The second beacon method also uses TCP port 80, but this method uses HTTP requests to communicate with its C2 server. Figure 9 shows a sample HTTP request issued by this Trojan, which has a user-agent of "lynx" and POST data of "AA" that are both hardcoded into the payload. [![FIGURE9](http://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FIGURE9.png)](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/?attachment_id=16219) Figure 9 Network beacon from 9002 using HTTP request The two beacons seen generated by this payload are very similar to those generated by the '[3102'](https://blog.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/09/chinese-actors-use-3102-malware-in-attacks-on-us-government-and-eu-media/) variant of 9002 that we previously analyzed. The capabilities within this 9002 sample are very similar to the 3102 variant discussed, as its main functionality is to load plugins provided by the C2 server and call an exported function named "CreatePluginObj". ### Infrastructure and Poison Ivy Ties The C2 server 'logitechwkgame\[.\]com' resolves to the IP address '222.239.91\[.\]30', which also resolved to 'admin.nslookupdns\[.\]com' at the same time as 'logitechwkgame\[.\]com', suggesting that these two domains are associated with the same threat actors. 'admin.nslookupdns\[.\]com' was found to also be a C2 for Poison Ivy samples associated with attacks on Myanmar and other Asian countries as discussed in a [blog](https://www.arbornetworks.com/blog/asert/recent-poison-iv/) published by Arbor Networks. An additional tie between the activity is the Poison Ivy C2 'jackhex.md5c\[.\]net', as "jackhex" is not a common word or phrase and is also seen in the beacon activity with the previously discussed 9002 sample. In addition to those noted in the blog by Arbor Networks, we found several other Poison Ivy samples using the same mutex, created by the same parent processes, and using most of the same C2 infrastructure. However, the samples we collected lack campaign IDs and all use "version2013" as the password to encrypt its communications. The additional Poison Ivy samples also provided us three new C2 domains: * outhmail\[.\]com * mxdnsv6\[.\]com * microsoftserve\[.\]com Also, some of the C2 domains associated with these Poison Ivy samples were registered with emails that were used to register the following possibly related domains: * gooledriveservice\[.\]com * queryurl\[.\]com * appupdatemoremagic\[.\]com While we do not have complete targeting information associated with these samples, several of the decoy files were in Chinese and appear to be part of a recent and possibly ongoing campaign targeting organizations in Taiwan. The decoy themes centered primarily around cross-strait relations and the Taiwanese Mainland Affairs Council (MAC), which is a cabinet-level organization tasked with creating, implementing, and overseeing policies between Taiwan and the People's Republic of China (PRC). ### Conclusion The use of Google Drive to host malicious files is not a new tactic in attacks. However, using a well-known hosting platform may allow the downloading of a payload to blend into other legitimate traffic from the hosting provider. The actors still use spear phishing as their primary attack method, but because that technique has been so well publicized, intended victims are perhaps more cautious about opening suspicious email attachments or links. As spear phishing becomes less successful, threat actors need to continue to adapt and find new methods to successfully deliver malware. The use of a URL shortening service and a redirection server further aids the chances of a successful attack, as it becomes more challenging to determine the validity of the link within an email due to the way link shorteners obfuscate link content. The files used in these attacks are properly classified as malware by WildFire. AutoFocus customers can find out more about both [9002](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.9002) and [Poison Ivy](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.PoisonIvy) via the respective malware family tags. ### IOCs **9002 samples** C11b963e2df167766e32b14fb05fd71409092092db93b310a953e1d0e9ec9bc3 49ac6a6c5449396b98a89709b0ad21d078af783ec8f1cd32c1c8b5ae71bec129 **Poison Ivy samples** 193ae4da14874aa29902052d08064395afa5e4763f949e7369157d893fa08653 ac8fc264c7ec3cf70836e1bb21f9a20174b04ad49731b8797d7d8bb95cb353e2 12759f7fd01ffdea97954be5404d7e43a3941a7388129e7b6ace85f56b500cd8 0940602e7d47941f36c975afa9d2c6b1b0d2bd15bbea6ad4baf0f828420d72bf 6bdd45cb6c021512c203cf01a051dce28449e364627e1366412c0051094f60a0 f0ab826ea65b4a9eb66528ad74c4d3e747c1ecebfca6bdafd2504e0f794195d9 e2fb4a53e54774f1645c940f905e76beb5fc729e9e968b736b8377312cb2454a 0af768b4ba8fe7aac7a7da7fd5f21e7496d5617dccdf2321f526fd1091d64a6d fd21cd1846f25d42b1997ec1fd5ae6e14ea9b5bb0161ab7edf0ce184174e6da6 12759f7fd01ffdea97954be5404d7e43a3941a7388129e7b6ace85f56b500cd8 08dee1f5ced372716ad5c6e3f2041bcdeb25e905efc19d3749fe637d0a589ccc 269c03e205c403ab8fa1033caa1c8e3a86a1495cc33a7f3a3a3c9b8a9ea77490 3a9ab623c8a0a9f6c65e108e83c90da7620d2d6b22192c857556117587d0d038 **C2 Domains** logitechwkgame\[.\]com jackhex.md5c\[.\]net webserver.servehttp\[.\]com admin.nslookupdns\[.\]com outhmail\[.\]com mxdnsv6\[.\]com microsoftdefence\[.\]com microsoftserve\[.\]com gooledriveservice\[.\]com queryurl\[.\]com appupdatemoremagic\[.\]com Back to top ### Tags * [9002 Trojan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/9002-trojan/ "9002 Trojan") * [Google Drive](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google-drive/ "Google Drive") * [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/ "HTTP") * [Poison Ivy](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/poison-ivy/ "Poison Ivy") * [TinyURL](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/tinyurl/ "TinyURL") * [Trojan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/trojan/ "Trojan") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: PowerWare Ransomware Spoofing Locky Malware Family](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-powerware-ransomware-spoofing-locky-malware-family/ "PowerWare Ransomware Spoofing Locky Malware Family") ### Related Articles * [Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "article - table of contents") * [Threat Brief: Widespread Impact of the Axios Supply Chain Attack](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/axios-supply-chain-attack/ "article - table of contents") * [Converging Interests: Analysis of Threat Clusters Targeting a Southeast Asian Government](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/espionage-campaigns-target-se-asian-government-org/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Malware Resources ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. 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The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/) * [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel") * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2") * [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America") ![Pictorial representation of vishing campaigns in Microsoft Teams. A digital image of a skull formed by blue binary code on a black background, with scattered ones and zeros and digital noise, symbolizes how stealthy prompt injection attacks can exploit AI logic to bypass security controls.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/01_Malware_Category_1920x900-5-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 31, 2026 [#### Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/) * [Cloaked Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloaked-ursa/ "Cloaked Ursa") * [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID") * [Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-teams/ "Microsoft Teams") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled malware. A vibrant digital interface displaying various icons and graphs, resembling a futuristic network or data analysis dashboard. The scene is illuminated with glowing lights and patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1270203474-2-1-786x368.png) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 25, 2026 [#### The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/) * [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor") * [Bitcoin](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bitcoin/ "Bitcoin") * [DLL hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-hijacking/ "DLL hijacking") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/ "The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution") ![Pictorial representation of identity abuse through trusted communication channels. Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/) * [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication") * [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft") * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/malware/ "malware") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels") ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. Digital screen with a warning sign reading "Malware." The background features lines of computer code and graphics, creating a sense of cybersecurity threat.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/07_Malware_Category_1920x900-3-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 11, 2026 [#### Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/) * [Android APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android-apk/ "Android APK") * [Ethereum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ethereum/ "Ethereum") * [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/ "HTTP") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet") ![Pictorial representatiom pf Aeternum's blockchain C2. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/) * [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum") * [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications") ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/) * [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain") * [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm") ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/) * [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API") * [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway") * [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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