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and Dagger" with No Permissions ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 7 min read * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Cong Zheng](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/cong-zheng/) * [Wenjun Hu](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/wenjun-hu/) * [Zhi Xu](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/zhi-xu/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:September 7, 2017 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Ransomware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/ransomware/) * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) * [Vulnerabilities](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/vulnerabilities/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [Android](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android/) * [Cloak and Dagger](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloak-and-dagger/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-android-toast-overlay-attack-cloak-and-dagger-with-no-permissions/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=ac4b3be3b8 "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-android-toast-overlay-attack-cloak-and-dagger-with-no-permissions/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=ac4b3be3b8 "Click here to print") Share![Down 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Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit42-android-toast-overlay-attack-cloak-and-dagger-with-no-permissions%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=Android%20Toast%20Overlay%20Attack:%20“Cloak%20and%20Dagger”%20with%20No%20Permissions%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit42-android-toast-overlay-attack-cloak-and-dagger-with-no-permissions%2F "Share in Mastodon") Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 researchers have uncovered a high severity vulnerability in the Android overlay system, which allows a new Android overlay attack by using the "Toast type" overlay. All Android devices with OS version \< 8.0 are affected by this vulnerability and patches are available as part of the [September 2017 Android Security Bulletin](https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2017-09-01). Android 8.0 was just released and is unaffected by this vulnerability. Because Android 8.0 is recent, this vulnerability affects nearly all Android devices currently in the market ([see Table 1](#table)) and users should apply updates as soon as possible. Overlay attacks permit an attacker to draw on top of other windows and apps running on the affected device. To launch such an attack, malware normally needs to request the "draw on top" permission. However, this newly discovered overlay attack does not require any specific permissions or conditions to be effective. Malware launching this attack does not need to possess the overlay permission or to be installed from Google Play. With this new overlay attack, malware can entice users to enable the Android Accessibility Service and grant the Device Administrator privilege or perform other dangerous actions. If these privileges are granted, a number of powerful attacks can be launched on the device, including stealing credentials, installing apps silently, and locking the device for the ransom. The research was inspired by the paper "*Cloak and Dagger: From Two Permissions to Complete Control of the UI Feedback Loop* " by Yanick Fratantonio of UC Santa Barbara and Chenxiong Qian, Simon P. Chung, Wenke Lee of Georgia Tech ([PDF Link](https://iisp.gatech.edu/sites/default/files/documents/ieee_sp17_cloak_and_dagger_final.pdf)). This paper was recently presented at the IEEE Security \& Privacy 2017 conference in May 2017. This paper proposed several innovative accessibility attacks but with the assumption that the malicious app must explicitly request two permissions and be installed from Google Play. Our new research shows that the accessibility attacks proposed in the paper can be launched successfully even if the app is not from Google Play and declares only one permission "BIND\_ACCESSIBILITY\_SERVICE". As with [Cloak and Dagger](https://cloak-and-dagger.org/), this overlay attack works by modifying regions of the screen to change what the user sees, tricking them into enabling additional permissions or identifying their inputs. A video of the this attack in action is available here: This vulnerability was assigned [CVE-2017-0752](https://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2017-0752) and was disclosed in the [Android Security Bulletin September](https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2017-09-01#framework). ### **Overlay Attack with Zero Conditions** **New Overlay Attack using Toast** The "[Toas](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/notifiers/toasts.html)t" window (TYPE\_TOAST) is one of the supported overlay types on Android. The Toast overlay is typically used to display a quick message over all other apps. For example, a message indicating that an e-mail has been saved as draft when a user navigates away without sending an e-mail. It naturally inherits all configuration options as for other windows types. However, our research has found using the Toast window as an overlay window allows an app to write over the interface of another App without requesting the SYSTEM\_ALERT\_WINDOW privilege this typically requires. This discovery allows an installed app to craft an overlay on the screen with a Toast window. In this way, the app can launch an overlay attack without any special permissions. The crafted overlay includes two types of views (Figure 1), both of which are embedded in a Toast window. In the sample below, **view1** covers the bottom GUI and monitors user clicks to infer the attack progress while **view2** is a clickable view that the attacker tries to lure the victim to click on. ![AndroidToast\_1](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AndroidToast_1.png) Figure 1: Using a Toast window to craft an overlay ### **Vulnerability on Android OS version \<= 7.0** This vulnerability is caused by a missing permission check. The related code segment in Android AOSP (version \<= 7.0) is shown in the Figure 2. Normally, overlaying a window on top of other apps requires both permission check and an operation check. However, in the case of TYPE\_TOAST, neither of those checks are in place. The request will be granted automatically. According to the inline comments in Figure 2, the app will be granted complete control over TYPE\_TOAST window. ![AndroidToast\_2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AndroidToast_2.png) Figure 2: No permission check for the TYPE\_TOAST **Vulnerability on Android OS version 7.1** Android 7.1 introduces two layers of mitigations: timeout and the single toast window per UID at a time ([See Table 1](#table)). The first mitigation forcibly assigns a maximum timeout (3.5s) for each Toast window (Figure 3). Upon timeout, the Toast window will fade away to mimic the normal Toast behavior on Android. Not surprisingly, this can be defeated with deliberately aligned repetitive popup Toast windows. For the second mitigation, Android 7.1 allows only one Toast window per app to be shown at a time (Figure 4). These two defensive mechanisms pose challenges on deceiving victims using a Toast window overlay. However, it does not address the fundamental causes: an app does not need any permission to display a Toast window on top of any other apps. ![AndroidToast\_3](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AndroidToast_3.png) Figure 3: Timeout for the Toast window in Android 7.1 (mitigation 1) ![AndroidToast\_4](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AndroidToast_4.png) Figure 4: Only one Toast window is allowed per UID in Android 7.1 (mitigation 2) For Android 7.1, to achieve the same overlay attack, a malicious app can use a LooperThread to continuously show a Toast window (Figure 5). Since only one overlay can be used at the same time, the malicious app cannot monitor whether the user has clicked on the expected area in the overlay. An alternative approach is to show one overlay to lure users to click on it, sleep for several seconds and then switch to another overlay for future steps. Obviously, the success rate of the overlay attack has been reduced by this mitigation. This alternative approach is also applicable on Android versions ranging from 2.3.7 to 4.3. Because, the Flag "FLAG\_WATCH\_OUTSIDE\_TOUCH" has been removed forcibly in the Toast window ( Figure 6). Fortunately, we have confirmed that, a proper permission check has been added in Android O (8.0) Beta. ![AndroidToast\_5](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AndroidToast_5.png) Figure 5: Bypassing the timeout limitation with a loop ![AndroidToast\_6](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AndroidToast_6.png) Figure 6: FLAG\_WATCH\_OUTSIDE\_TOUCH flag is removed in the version 2.3.7 - 4.3 |--------------------|--------------|--------------------|--------------------------|-------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------| | Version | Distribution | Without permission | Monitor outside touch | Timeout | Multiple overlays for same UID | Verified in real devices | | 2.3.3 2.3.7 | 0.7% | Yes | Yes (No in 2.3.7) | No | Yes | No | | 4.0.3 4.0.4 | 0.7% | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | | 4.1.x | 2.7% | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | | 4.2.x | 3.8% | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | | 4.3 | 1.1% | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | | 4.4 | 16.0% | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | | 5.0 | 7.4% | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | | 5.1 | 21.8% | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | | 6.0 | 32.3% | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | | 7.0 | 12.3% | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | | 7.1 | 1.2% | Yes | Yes | Yes (3.5 s) | No | Yes | | 8.0 | 0.0% | No | \_ | \_ | \_ | Yes | Table 1: Overlay Attack Mitigations in [Versions of Android](https://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html) ### **Possible Follow-ons to an Overlay Attack** With the vulnerability described above, all the accessibility attacks demonstrated in the "Cloak and Dagger" paper can be performed successfully. Furthermore, here we demonstrate several other attacks that are practical using the TYPE\_TOAST floating window. **Attacks through the device administrator** Through the overlay attack, an installed malicious app can trick the user into giving the app Device Administrator privileges. With this, it will have the capability to launch destructive attacks, including: * Locking the device screen * Resetting the device PIN * Wiping the device's data * Preventing the user from uninstalling the App One way to lure the user to grant the device administrator privilege is to launch a clickjacking overlay attack. [Malware in the wild](https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/android-ransomware-variant-uses-clickjacking-become-device-administrator) has already launched this type of attack. As depicted in Figure 7, the malware presents an "Installation is complete" dialog with a "Continue" button. This dialog, however, is actually a TYPE\_SYTEM\_OVERLAY window with the device administrator activation dialog sitting underneath. From the Android API documentation, a TYPE\_SYSTEM\_OVERLAY is "*system overlay windows, which need to be displayed on top of everything else* " and "*These windows must not take input focus*". So, once the user clicks the "Continue" button, the click event is actually sent to the "Activate" button on the real device administrator activation window. An attack using the TYPE\_TOAST window accomplishes this as well, with the view flag set to *FLAG\_NOT\_FOCUSABLE* and *FLAG\_NOT\_TOUCHABLE*, we can launch a similar attack without any special permissions. ![AndroidToast\_7](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AndroidToast_7.png) Figure 7 Android malware uses clickjacking overlay to active device administration ### **Locker and Ransomware Attack** Android Locker and Ransomware has been in the wild for years. Most Android Ransomware achieve screen locking through the following methods: * SYSTEM\_ALERT\_WINDOW: An Android app with this permission can display a floating window on top of any other apps. By setting the proper window types and view flags, for example, TYPE\_SYSTEM\_ERROR, TYPE\_SYSTEM\_OVERLAY, and FLAG\_FULLSCREEN, this kind of floating window becomes non-removable by users. This technique prevents the user from accessing their device. * Device Administrator: An Android app with this privilege can reset the screen password and then locks the device screen. The compromised device becomes a brick for the victim if the screen is locked and PIN reset. With the TYPE\_TOAST type window and the default view flag, we don't need any extra permissions to achieve the effect of screen locking by displaying a full screen floating window, and this kind of window is not removable by a user. Although there is a time limit to show the TYPE\_TOAST window on Android 7.1, we can continuously pop up the Toast window in a loop, as presented earlier. Hence, we can bypass that limitation on Android 7.1. ### **Remediation** Our team reported this vulnerability to Google on May 30^th^ of 2017 and Google quickly verified the vulnerability existed. Google patched and disclosed this vulnerability on September 5^th^ of 2017. More information about the patch is available at [Android Security Bulletin](https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2017-09-01). We recommend that all users deploy patches for their Android devices to protect themselves from attackers who may exploit this vulnerability. Back to top ### Tags * [Android](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android/ "Android") * [Cloak and Dagger](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloak-and-dagger/ "Cloak and Dagger") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Analysing a 10-Year-Old SNOWBALL](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-analysing-10-year-old-snowball/ "Analysing a 10-Year-Old SNOWBALL") ### Related Articles * [LANDFALL: New Commercial-Grade Android Spyware in Exploit Chain Targeting Samsung Devices](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/landfall-is-new-commercial-grade-android-spyware/ "article - table of contents") * [Beware of BadPack: One Weird Trick Being Used Against Android Devices](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/apk-badpack-malware-tampered-headers/ "article - table of contents") * [Leveraging a Hooking Framework to Expand Malware Detection Coverage on the Android Platform](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hooking-framework-in-sandbox-to-analyze-android-apk/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Resources ![Pictorial representation of a group of people interacting with a dynamic 3D holographic display of colorful, undulating data waves on a table.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/11_Myth-Busting_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Insights-icon-white.svg)Insights](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/insights/) August 4, 2026 [#### The Frontier AI Vulnerability Burst: Industrializing Autonomous Zero-Day Discovery in Open-Source Software](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/frontier-ai-vulnerability-burst/) * [AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai/ "AI") * [Frontier AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/frontier-ai/ "Frontier AI") * [Vulnerability Exploitation](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/vulnerability-exploitation/ "Vulnerability Exploitation") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/frontier-ai-vulnerability-burst/ "The Frontier AI Vulnerability Burst: Industrializing Autonomous Zero-Day Discovery in Open-Source Software") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled autonomous cyberattacks. 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Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) April 17, 2026 [#### Threat Brief: Escalation of Cyber Risk Related to Iran (Updated April 17)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/iranian-cyberattacks-2026/) * [APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/apk/ "APK") * [DDoS attacks](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ddos-attacks/ "DDoS attacks") * [GenAI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/genai/ "GenAI") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/iranian-cyberattacks-2026/ "Threat Brief: Escalation of Cyber Risk Related to Iran (Updated April 17)") ![Pictorial representation of CVE-2023-33538. Abstract image of a glowing red Wi-Fi symbol on a circuit board, with intricate patterns and a futuristic appearance.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/04_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) April 16, 2026 [#### A Deep Dive Into Attempted Exploitation of CVE-2023-33538](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/exploitation-of-cve-2023-33538/) * [Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/botnet/ "botnet") * [Command injection](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/command-injection/ "Command injection") * [CVE-2023-33538](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2023-33538/ "CVE-2023-33538") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/exploitation-of-cve-2023-33538/ "A Deep Dive Into Attempted Exploitation of CVE-2023-33538") ![Pictorial representation of BeyondTrust vulnerability CVE-2026-1731. Digital art depicting a stylized mountain range with vibrant blue and red hues. The peaks are accentuated by glowing particles and an abstract, starry backdrop, creating a futuristic landscape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/14_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) February 19, 2026 [#### VShell and SparkRAT Observed in Exploitation of BeyondTrust Critical Vulnerability (CVE-2026-1731)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/beyondtrust-cve-2026-1731/) * [Bash](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bash/ "bash") * [CVE-2026-1731](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1731/ "CVE-2026-1731") * [PowerShell](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/powershell/ "PowerShell") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/beyondtrust-cve-2026-1731/ "VShell and SparkRAT Observed in Exploitation of BeyondTrust Critical Vulnerability (CVE-2026-1731)") ![](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/AdobeStock_1020436911-786x440.jpeg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) February 17, 2026 [#### Critical Vulnerabilities in Ivanti EPMM Exploited](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ivanti-cve-2026-1281-cve-2026-1340/) * [CVE-2026-1281](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1281/ "CVE-2026-1281") * [CVE-2026-1340](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cve-2026-1340/ "CVE-2026-1340") * [Ivanti](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ivanti/ "Ivanti") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ivanti-cve-2026-1281-cve-2026-1340/ "Critical Vulnerabilities in Ivanti EPMM Exploited") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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