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Asia Implement Novel Covert C2 Communication ![Clock Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-clock.svg) 7 min read Related Products [![Advanced WildFire icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Advanced WildFire](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/advanced-wildfire/ "Advanced WildFire")[![Cloud-Delivered Security Services icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/strata_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Cloud-Delivered Security Services](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/cloud-delivered-security-services/ "Cloud-Delivered Security Services")[![Cortex icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cortex_RGB_logo_Icon_Color.png)Cortex](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/product-category/cortex/ "Cortex")[![Cortex Cloud 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By: * [Lior Rochberger](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/author/lior-rochberger/) * ![Published Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-calendar-grey.svg) Published:July 14, 2025 * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-category.svg) Categories: * [Malware](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/malware/) * [Threat Actor Groups](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-actor-groups/) * ![Tags Icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-tags-grey.svg) Tags: * [AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/) * [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/) * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/) * [CL-STA-1020](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-sta-1020/) * [DLL Sideloading](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-sideloading/) * 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The threat actors behind this cluster of activity have been collecting sensitive information from government agencies, including information about recent tariffs and trade disputes. This campaign is particularly noteworthy due to its novel tradecraft. The threat actors have developed a previously undocumented Windows backdoor, which we named HazyBeacon. This backdoor leverages AWS Lambda URLs as command and control (C2) infrastructure. AWS Lambda URLs are a feature of AWS Lambda that allows users to invoke serverless functions directly over HTTPS. This technique uses legitimate cloud functionality to hide in plain sight, creating a reliable, scalable and difficult-to-detect communication channel. In this analysis, we aim to provide security teams with the necessary insights to detect and mitigate this emerging threat, while contributing to the broader understanding of how attackers exploit cloud services for malicious purposes. Figure 1 shows the high-level execution flow of this attack. ![Illustration depicting the process of executing arbitrary commands through a Lambda URL endpoint with visual icons representing commands, payloads, balancing instructions, and downloading additional payloads.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/word-image-878280-146273-1.png) Figure 1. Execution flow of Lambda URL abuse. Palo Alto Networks customers are better protected from the threats described here through the following products and services: * [Advanced WildFire](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/wildfire) * [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr) and [XSIAM](https://docs-cortex.paloaltonetworks.com/p/XSIAM) * [Cortex Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud) Organizations can gain help assessing cloud security posture through the [Unit 42 Cloud Security Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/datasheets/unit-42-cloud-security-assessment). If you think you might have been compromised or have an urgent matter, contact the [Unit 42 Incident Response team](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html). | **Related Unit 42 Topics** | [**Backdoor**](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/), **[AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/)** | |----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| ## Background During our investigation of activity cluster CL-STA-1020, we discovered a new, undocumented Windows backdoor that we named HazyBeacon. This backdoor leverages a novel C2 technique in which the backdoor establishes C2 communication via AWS Lambda URLs. This method was first [reported by Trellix](https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/oneclik-a-clickonce-based-red-team-campaign-simulating-apt-tactics-in-energy-infrastructure/) in June 2025, in the context of an advanced persistent threat (APT) activity. Based on the threat actors' actions, it appears that the primary goal behind the attack is covert intelligence gathering. Specifically, they're collecting sensitive government data, including information related to recent trade disputes. The tactic of hiding in plain sight was further observed throughout the exfiltration phase of the attack, with the threat actor's use of legitimate services. The threat actor also used Google Drive and Dropbox as exfiltration channels, blending in with normal network traffic. ## Backdoor Through the Side Door During our investigation, we observed that the attackers leveraged DLL sideloading to deploy the HazyBeacon backdoor. They planted a malicious DLL in C:\\Windows\\assembly\\mscorsvc.dll, alongside a legitimate Windows executable, mscorsvw.exe. When mscorsvw.exe was triggered by its registered Windows service, it loaded the malicious replacement DLL instead of the legitimate Microsoft library. It then connected to the threat actor-controlled Lambda URL as shown in Figure 2 below. ![Diagram showing a cybersecurity threat process: "mscorsvw dot exe" sideloads "mscorsvc dot dll", which connects to an AWS Lambda URL, leading to executing arbitrary commands and downloading additional payloads.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/word-image-881439-146273-2.png) Figure 2. DLL sideloading of the HazyBeacon DLL. To establish persistence on the compromised Windows endpoint, the threat actor created a Windows service named msdnetsvc, which ensured that the HazyBeacon DLL would be loaded even after rebooting the system. Figure 3 below shows this command. ![Screenshot of a command-line instruction to create a new service named "Microsoft NET Service" using the sc.exe tool in a Windows environment.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/word-image-884901-146273-3.png) Figure 3. Service control command used to create the persistence. ## AWS Lambda URL Misuse [AWS Lambda](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/) is a serverless computing service that runs code in response to events without requiring server provisioning or management. AWS introduced [Lambda URLs](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/announcing-aws-lambda-function-urls-built-in-https-endpoints-for-single-function-microservices/) in 2022 to extend this functionality by providing customers with a way to configure dedicated HTTPS endpoints for Lambda functions. These endpoints allow the functions to be invoked directly using standard web requests, without the need for complex API Gateway configurations. The manipulation of this service has several tactical advantages for threat actors. When put to malicious use, a Lambda function that a threat actor controls can operate as a dynamic C2 server that receives [beaconing requests](https://www.twingate.com/blog/glossary/beaconing) from compromised systems. ### Hiding Behind the Clouds Communication with AWS-hosted services that establish amazonaws\[.\]com domains is a common practice, due to legitimate business dependencies. Many newer AWS services and features that allow customers to configure infrastructure use DNS names like on.aws. However, threat actors often create their own AWS accounts or use compromised AWS accounts --- and the network services of these accounts --- to disguise their malicious operations. This can enable their malicious network actions to bypass traditional detection within enterprise environments. ## A Novel Approach to C2 The malicious DLL observed in the attack, mscorsvc.dll, established a C2 channel through an AWS Lambda URL. This essentially utilized a serverless architecture that allowed the attacker to blend their C2 traffic with legitimate AWS communications, in an attempt to evade traditional network detection. Once the malware started beaconing to the actor-controlled Lambda URL endpoint at \.lambda-url.ap-southeast-1.on\[.\]aws, it began receiving commands to execute and additional payloads to download. As a result, the malware downloaded and stored the payloads listed in Table 1 under C:\\ProgramData. |----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **File Path** | **Description** | | C:\\ProgramData\\7z.exe | Legitimate 7-Zip utility to archive files | | C:\\ProgramData\\igfx.exe | File collector | | C:\\ProgramData\\GoogleGet.exe | Connects to a Google Drive (using a given drive ID as an argument) and performs authentication | | C:\\ProgramData\\google.exe | Custom Google Drive file uploader | | C:\\ProgramData\\GoogleDrive.exe | Custom Google Drive file uploader | | C:\\ProgramData\\GoogleDriveUpload.exe | Custom Google Drive file uploader | | C:\\ProgramData\\Dropbox.exe | Custom Dropbox file uploader | Table 1. Payloads downloaded by HazyBeacon. Figure 4 shows the full execution flow, including the payloads listed above. ![Flowchart showing the process of using multiple tools to attribute data, including well-known entities such as GoogleDrive and Microsoft Teams, connected by various actions and decisions.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/word-image-887635-146273-4.png) Figure 4. Full execution flow of the attack. ## Collecting Data The first payload executed was igfx.exe --- the file collector. This tool receives a time range and file extensions as input, then creates a ZIP archive (named after the machine) containing all the collected files. Figure 5 shows this payload. ![Code snippet showing an EXE file and a date range along with various file types.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/word-image-891540-146273-5.png) Figure 5. Igfx.exe file collector payload. After creating the ZIP file, the attackers used 7z.exe to create several 200 MB-sized files from the ZIP, as shown in Figure 6. ![Code snippet for a 7-ZIP file to be a specified size.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/word-image-894918-146273-6.png) Figure 6. 7z.exe file storage payload. The attacker then conducted targeted reconnaissance, executing a search for documents related to the ongoing trade war, such as the search shown in Figure 7 below for "letter to US President on Tariffs measures." ![Command prompt screenshot showing a search for a PDF titled "Redacted Letter to US President on Tariffs Measures.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/word-image-897532-146273-7.png) Figure 7. Command to search for specific communications. ## Exfiltration The threat actors attempted to use multiple utilities for the purpose of exfiltrating the files collected from the compromised network. First, they used GoogleGet.exe to connect to their own Google Drive repository, giving the drive ID as an argument. Then, the threat actors used the utilities shown in Figure 8 to try to upload the files to Google Drive and Dropbox. All of these upload attempts were correctly flagged by the detection mechanism as malicious and were blocked. ![Text showing file paths for executable programs in Windows, including Google Drive and Dropbox, with all paths starting from the C: drive.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/word-image-900244-146273-8.png) Figure 8. Attempts to upload files to repositories. Following these exfiltration attempts, the attacker executed cleanup commands to remove evidence of their activities. They deleted the archive files they had created, along with all the payloads. ## Conclusion This research article details a new cluster of activity, tracked as CL-STA-1020, which targets government entities in Southeast Asia. This cluster took significant effort to remain undetected, hiding in plain sight. They also leveraged a novel technique for covert malware C2 communication via AWS Lambda function URLs. Our investigation also uncovered a previously undocumented Windows backdoor that we named HazyBeacon. The threat actors used HazyBeacon as the main tool for maintaining a foothold and collecting sensitive information from the affected governmental entities. The data exfiltration attempts leveraged legitimate cloud storage services, blending their activity with normal network traffic. This campaign highlights how attackers continue to find new ways to abuse legitimate, trusted cloud services. Security teams should prioritize enhanced monitoring of cloud resource usage. These teams should also develop detection strategies that can identify suspicious patterns of communication with trusted cloud services to better detect and prevent such attacks. ## Palo Alto Networks Protection and Mitigation Palo Alto Networks customers are better protected from the threats discussed above through the following products: * The [Advanced WildFire](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/wildfire) machine-learning models and analysis techniques have been reviewed and updated in light of the indicators shared in this research. * [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr) and [XSIAM](https://docs-cortex.paloaltonetworks.com/p/XSIAM) customers are better protected against the threat mentioned in this article by the [Behavioral Threat Protection module that](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/subscriptions/threat-prevention) detects and blocks the execution of processes with malicious behavior, [and](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/subscriptions/threat-prevention) machine learning based Local Analysis module, which can prevent the execution of known and unknown malware * [Cortex Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud) customers are better protected from the topics discussed within this article through the proper placement of Cortex Cloud [XDR endpoint agent](https://docs-cortex.paloaltonetworks.com/r/Cortex-CLOUD/Cortex-Cloud-Runtime-Security-Documentation/Endpoint-protection) and [serverless agents](https://docs-cortex.paloaltonetworks.com/r/Cortex-XSIAM/Cortex-XSIAM-Premium-Documentation/Use-cases) within a cloud environment. Designed to protect a cloud's posture and runtime operations against these threats through the detection and prevention of the malicious operations or configuration alterations or exploitations discussed within this article. Organizations can gain help assessing cloud security posture through the [Unit 42 Cloud Security Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/datasheets/unit-42-cloud-security-assessment). If you think you might have been compromised or have an urgent matter, get in touch with the [Unit 42 Incident Response team](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/contact-unit42.html) or call: * North America: Toll Free: +1 (866) 486-4842 (866.4.UNIT42) * UK: +44.20.3743.3660 * Europe and Middle East: +31.20.299.3130 * Asia: +65.6983.8730 * Japan: +81.50.1790.0200 * Australia: +61.2.4062.7950 * India: 00080005045107 Palo Alto Networks has shared these findings with our fellow Cyber Threat Alliance (CTA) members. CTA members use this intelligence to rapidly deploy protections to their customers and to systematically disrupt malicious cyber actors. Learn more about the [Cyber Threat Alliance](https://www.cyberthreatalliance.org). ## Indicators of Compromise * SHA256 hashes for the Lambda-URL backdoor (C:\\Windows\\assembly\\mscorsvc.dll) * 4931df8650521cfd686782919bda0f376475f9fc5f1fee9d7cf3a4e0d9c73e30 * SHA256 hashes for the Google Drive file uploader (C:\\ProgramData\\google.exe) * d20b536c88ecd326f79d7a9180f41a2e47a40fcf2cc6a2b02d68a081c89eaeaa * SHA256 hashes for the Google Drive file uploader (C:\\ProgramData\\GoogleDrive.exe) * 304c615f4a8c2c2b36478b693db767d41be998032252c8159cc22c18a65ab498 * SHA256 hashes for the Google Drive file uploader (C:\\ProgramData\\GoogleDriveUpload.exe) * f0c9481513156b0cdd216d6dfb53772839438a2215d9c5b895445f418b64b886 * SHA256 hashes for the Dropbox file uploader (C:\\ProgramData\\Dropbox.exe) * 3255798db8936b5b3ae9fed6292413ce20da48131b27394c844ecec186a1e92f * SHA256 hashes for the file collector (C:\\ProgramData\\igfx.exe) * 279e60e77207444c7ec7421e811048267971b0db42f4b4d3e975c7d0af7f511e * SHA256 hashes for the Google Drive connect tool (C:\\ProgramData\\GoogleGet.exe) * d961aca6c2899cc1495c0e64a29b85aa226f40cf9d42dadc291c4f601d6e27c3 ## Additional Resources * [How Drive protects your privacy \& keeps you in control](https://support.google.com/drive/answer/10375054) -- Google Drive Help * [OneClik: A ClickOnce-Based Red Team Campaign Simulating APT Tactics in Energy Infrastructure](https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/oneclik-a-clickonce-based-red-team-campaign-simulating-apt-tactics-in-energy-infrastructure/) -- Blog, Trellix Back to top ### Tags * [AWS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/aws/ "AWS") * [Backdoor](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/backdoor/ "backdoor") * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2") * [CL-STA-1020](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-sta-1020/ "CL-STA-1020") * [DLL Sideloading](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dll-sideloading/ "DLL Sideloading") * [Dropbox](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/dropbox/ "Dropbox") * [Google Drive](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/google-drive/ "Google Drive") * [Microsoft](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/microsoft/ "Microsoft") * [Serverless](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/serverless/ "serverless") [Threat Research Center](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com "Threat Research") [Next: Evolving Tactics of SLOW#TEMPEST: A Deep Dive Into Advanced Malware Techniques](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/slow-tempest-malware-obfuscation/ "Evolving Tactics of SLOW#TEMPEST: A Deep Dive Into Advanced Malware Techniques") ### Table of Contents * ### Related Articles * [From Exposure to Lockdown: How AWS Neutralizes Compromised IAM Credentials through Managed Policies](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/detecting-exposed-aws-iam-credentials/ "article - table of contents") * [A Vault with a Heap-View: The Uncomfortable Space Between AgentCore Harness and Identity](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/securing-aws-agentcore-harness-credentials/ "article - table of contents") * [Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "article - table of contents") ## Related Malware Resources ![Pictorial representation of TLS Certificate compromise. A person typing on a laptop with digital graphics of binary code and light beams emanating from the screen, representing data transfer or cyber activity.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/07_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/top-threats.svg)High Profile Threats](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/top-cyberthreats/) October 22, 2026 [#### EMudhra Intermediate CA Certificates Compromised](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/emudhra-certificate-compromise/) * [Certificates](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/certificates/ "certificates") * [Compromise](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/compromise/ "Compromise") * [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/emudhra-certificate-compromise/ "EMudhra Intermediate CA Certificates Compromised") ![](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/AdobeStock_1246251272-2-1-786x369.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) October 21, 2026 [#### "Next Exploit Opportunities": How a Threat Actor Used AI to Help Plan and Execute Multiple Types of Cybercrime Activities](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-assisted-cybercrime-analysis/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [Data exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/data-exfiltration/ "data exfiltration") * [DeepSeek](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/deepseek/ "DeepSeek") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-assisted-cybercrime-analysis/ "“Next Exploit Opportunities”: How a Threat Actor Used AI to Help Plan and Execute Multiple Types of Cybercrime Activities") ![Pictorial representation of AI-powered campaign targeting government infrastructure. A glowing, blue, brain-shaped structure floats above a central microchip on a circuit board. The scene is futuristic, with neon lights illuminating the interconnected pathways and components.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/AdobeStock_637057734-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) October 15, 2026 [#### AI-Powered Espionage Campaign Targets Government Linux Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-campaign-targets-linux-infrastructure/) * [Exfiltration](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/exfiltration/ "exfiltration") * [LLM](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/llm/ "LLM") * [Network security](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/network-security/ "network security") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-campaign-targets-linux-infrastructure/ "AI-Powered Espionage Campaign Targets Government Linux Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of PEERSTITCH, a FortiGate implant. A digital illustration depicting a circuit board with a prominent red warning triangle and exclamation mark in the center. The background is filled with various computer circuitry patterns.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/09_Vulnerabilities_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) October 14, 2026 [#### Unit 42 Uncovers PEERSTITCH, a Stealthy FortiGate Implant](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/fortimanager-cve-2024-47575-peerstitch-malware/) * [Apache](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/apache/ "Apache") * [CL-STA-0954](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-sta-0954/ "CL-STA-0954") * [Logging](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/logging/ "logging") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/fortimanager-cve-2024-47575-peerstitch-malware/ "Unit 42 Uncovers PEERSTITCH, a Stealthy FortiGate Implant") ![Pictorial representation of operation blinder tunnel. Screen displaying code with a prominent alert symbol and the words 'VIRUS DETECTED' highlighted in red.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/05_Malware_Category_1920x900-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) October 6, 2026 [#### Blinder Tunnel Campaign Targets Iraqi Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/blinder-tunnel-targets-critical-infrastructure/) * [Advanced Persistent Threat](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/advanced-persistent-threat/ "Advanced Persistent Threat") * [Agent Serpens](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agent-serpens/ "Agent Serpens") * [AppDomainManager](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/appdomainmanager/ "AppDomainManager") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/blinder-tunnel-targets-critical-infrastructure/ "Blinder Tunnel Campaign Targets Iraqi Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of how K8 operators betray your security posture. A close-up of a futuristic microchip with glowing circuits in vibrant colors, including blue, purple, and orange, reflecting light.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_652069707-1-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 29, 2026 [#### OperTraitors: How Kubernetes Operators Betray Your Security Posture](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/agentic-ai-kubernetes-operator-risks/) * [AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai/ "AI") * [AI agents](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/ai-agents/ "AI agents") * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/agentic-ai-kubernetes-operator-risks/ "OperTraitors: How Kubernetes Operators Betray Your Security Posture") ![Pictorial representation of a magnifying glass illuminating a glowing orange circular digital circuit interface on a dark, high-tech background.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Myth-Busting_Overview_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Insights-icon-white.svg)Insights](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/insights/) September 16, 2026 [#### Atomic macOS (AMOS) Stealer Activity](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atomic-macos-amos-stealer-activity/) * [MacOS](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/macos/ "macOS") * [Threat intelligence](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/threat-intelligence/ "threat intelligence") * [Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/unit-42/ "Unit 42") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/atomic-macos-amos-stealer-activity/ "Atomic macOS (AMOS) Stealer Activity") ![Pictorial representation of post-exploitation identity misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE. Close-up of a person wearing glasses, with computer code reflected in the lenses.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/12_Security-Technology_Category_1920x900-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 10, 2026 [#### The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/) * [API](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/api/ "API") * [Cryptographic](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cryptographic/ "cryptographic") * [JSON](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/json/ "JSON") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/kubernetes-spiffe-spire-identity-spoofing/ "The Machine With Many Faces: Post-Exploitation Identity Misuse in SPIFFE/SPIRE") ![Pictorial representation of a pay-per-install threat group campaign prodiving infection service for spreading malware. A close-up of a computer circuit board with a central microchip is depicted. Red digital data streams in the form of glowing binary numbers and arrows appear to flow in and out of the chip, symbolizing data processing and transfer. The scene is illuminated with a futuristic blue and red glow.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/04_Malware_Category_1920x900-6-786x368.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 9, 2026 [#### Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/) * [ARKTunnel](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/arktunnel/ "ARKTunnel") * [C2](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/c2/ "C2") * [CL-CRI-1171](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1171/ "CL-CRI-1171") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ppi-network-malware-campaign-analysis/ "Untracked Nightmares: The Threats Hiding Behind Commodity Infrastructure") ![Pictorial representation of attackers using AI tools to target Latin American organizations. A vibrant cityscape with silhouettes of numerous people walking along a bustling street. The scene is illuminated by bright urban lights and digital-like particles, creating a dynamic and futuristic atmosphere.](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AdobeStock_768915868-2-1-786x373.jpg) [![category icon](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/icon-threat-research.svg)Threat Research](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/category/threat-research/) September 3, 2026 [#### Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/) * [Agentic AI](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/agentic-ai/ "Agentic AI") * [ChatGPT](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT") * [CL-CRI-1131](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tag/cl-cri-1131/ "CL-CRI-1131") [Read now ![Right arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/icon-right-arrow-withtail.svg)](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-tool-use-targeting-latam-orgs/ "Attackers Expose Ongoing AI Tool Use Targeting Organizations in Latin America") * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) * ![Slider arrow](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/slider-arrow-left.svg) ![Close button](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/icons/close-modal.svg) ![Enlarged Image]() ![Newsletter](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/unit42-footer-subscribe-desktop.png) ![UNIT 42 Small Logo](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/wp-content/themes/unit42-v6/dist/images/palo-alto-logo-small.svg) Get updates from Unit 42 ## Peace of mind comes from staying ahead of threats. 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