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This past week, our team has identified a group of malware samples that matched behavioral heuristics for multiple known malware families. These samples all displayed their typical respective malware characteristics and contacted known command and control (C2) servers from those families. However, initial static analysis revealed that all of these samples appear to be identical on the surface, leading us to believe that we had discovered a new loader. The malware families identified at this time are DarkComet, LuminosityLink RAT, Pony, ImmenentMonitor, and some multiple variations of shellcode. We are calling the malicious loader StegBaus based on its use of custom steganography and a PDB string, which was found in an embedded DLL.
Because of the large number of infections that the aforementioned malware families have previously been involved in, any new loading techniques that could make it easier for an attacker to execute these malware families on a victim computer should be taken seriously and an attempt at identifying it pre-infection should be treated as a high-priority.
This loader is unique in numerous ways, most notably the steganography that is being used to hide the loader configuration, as well as the final payload. These features will be discussed in the analysis section below. The loader also uses common techniques, such as the RunPE method, to load final payload into memory as a new process. This method has been seen in the wild for a number of years and typically involves utilizing a host process, threading contexts, and memory allocation. Although these steps appear to be relatively static within the loader, there are slight differences we were able to identify based on the time of deployment. One such case is a sample that appears to have been used for testing at least 6 months before the majority of samples were seen in the wild.
UPDATE: The domains tags[.]bkrtx[.]com and sg[.]symcb[.]com were erroneously included in the list of domains below. On February 20, 2017, this blog post was updated to remove those domains from that list.
Distribution
The .NET executables with a code-base similar to the StegBaus loader were originally seen being tested in mid-2016 with much less obfuscation and the addition of testing phrases and strings. While hunting for related samples with the same characteristics, we were able to identify similar features in the KazyLoader .NET packer. KazyLoader provides a means for data hiding in BMP files and similar encryption schemes as well, and although these similarities exist, the increased sophistication in StegBaus and the limited visibility into the KazyLoader code-base makes linking these two families together very difficult.
The first known instance of StegBaus that Palo Alto Networks was able to identify was seen on December 30, 2016, with numerous samples being encountered since then. It should be noted that the malware families being distributed by StegBaus are all commodity malware and many of them have had their source-code leaked online in the past. This fact makes it difficult to determine if the author of StegBaus is generating his/her own custom samples, reusing samples found in the wild, or has a connection to the groups that use these malware families for criminal activities.
The most common filenames used to deliver StegBuas in the wild are:
- image44.scr
- barbiure.exe
- image56.scr
- image.scr
- corben.exe
- picture.scr
- Netsparker.exe
The most common HTTP connection information is as follows:
- Kimki[.]ru , POST , /chamber/panelnew/gate.php
- kimki[.]ru, POST, /nelson/panelnew/gate.php
- kimki[.]ru , POST , /emeka/panelnew/gate.php
- oxylala[.]gdn , POST , /emeka/panelnew/gate.php
- oxylala[.]gdn , POST , /charly/panelnew/gate.php
- oxylala[.]gdn , POST , /asaba/panelnew/gate.php
- oxylala[.]gdn , POST , /victor/panelnew/gate.php
- oxylala[.]gdn , POST , /mandela/panelnew/gate.php
- oxylala[.]gdn , POST , /asaba/panelnew/gate.php
- minecon[.]co, POST, /Panel/gate.php
- informer.pe[.]hu , POST , /Server/
The most common DNS queries are the following:
- custom[.]generatione[.]tech
- goodluckjayjay[.]duckdns[.]org
- slyopeznetwr[.]ddns[.]net
- 11live[.]zapto[.]org
- goodluckyugo[.]duckdns[.]org
- akudon[.]chickenkiller[.]com
- informer[.]pe[.]hu
- files[.]catbox[.]moe
- minecon[.]co
- kimki[.]ru
- oxylala[.]gdn
Analysis
StegBaus is originally distributed in a .NET-compiled executable that uses Confuser v1.9.0.0 obfuscation. Initial static analysis of the sample reveals multiple portable network graphics (PNG) image files that are embedded as .NET resources. These can be seen in the figure below.
Figure 1 PNG resource files
Upon execution, StegBaus loads a new DLL into its memory space and execution is transferred to the DLL’s main function, which in later samples has been renamed to a singular letter (A, K, or Q). This DLL is completely deobfuscated and its internal name was found to be A.dll in each variation that we analyzed. The functions contain no obfuscation and can be clearly read, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Function list
As can be seen from the function list above, StegBaus contains a number of functions that appear to do relatively simple things. After analysis of these functions, it is clear that the functions actually do exactly what their names suggest. Full anlaysis of each of these functions will not be provided, but some of the most interesting ones will be discussed throughout the explanation of the data hiding techniques.
After analyzing the original, heavily obfuscated, executable and finding the embedded resources, we chose to investigate this DLL for any resources as well. It turns out that the author used this resource section to embed numerous blobs of base64-encoded data as seen below in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Embedded base64-encoding
The resources seen in Figure 3 both contain base64-encoded data, which each decode into a separate DLL. These DLLs are named img2data.dll and CreateShortct.dll respectively. The CreateShortct.dll file is used to locate the current users Startup folder and creates a shortcut to the original executable using a random 8 character name. The img2data.dll, however, is a little more interesting and will be discussed in the Data Hiding section.
The CreateShortct.dll contains the following PDB string that was used in naming the malware:
|
1 |
c:\users\braus\desktop\createshortct\createshortct\obj\release\createshortct.pdb |
Data Hiding
The img2data.dll file contains custom functionality to convert images into a data stream by using numerous libraries included in the .NET Framework. The actual code for the function can be seen below:
Figure 4 ImagesToData function
The reimplementation of this code is provided here and can be compiled as C# in Visual Studio by adding a library reference to System.Drawing. The provided decoder will take a directory name that contains all of the PNG resource files with their original names and provide a binary output file that can be used to continue analysis.
The img2data.dll is utilized by the ConvertImagesToData function in A.dll. This function simply loads the DLL into memory via .NET module loading techniques and creates a buffer for data storage. Essentially, the img2data.dll will locate the resources in the original executable and read all of the raw bytes into a memory stream before being manipulated. After this data has been converted into a usable data stream and stored in the global buffer, it is then decrypted multiple times, as discussed below.
Encryption
Although data hiding with steganography is unusual, it is an extremely effective means of concealing information, the malware authors found it necessary to also use AES encryption. Specifically, the RinjndaelManaged function that belongs to System.Security.Cryptography is used to decrypt data using AES-128.
While debugging the malware and stepping through the crypto routines, we can easily identify the initial password that is used to generate the key and initialization vector (IV) for the AES routine. The password is gathered by identifying the timestamp from the STARTUP_INFORMATION structure of the original executable and this value is then run through a sequence of arithmetic operations. This information is then used to create a new GUID, which in turn is truncated to 8 characters, and then used as the password. The password for the sample analyzed is “d1ee1095”, which is easily identifiable during debugging and execution. This value is then run through the Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2) and we can hex-encode this result for both a 32-byte and 16-byte value. The return value for the 32-byte value is the key and the 16-byte value is the IV.
Once the key and iv are produced, the decryption proceeds by using AES with CBC. The following script can be used to decrypt the data once the password has been identified:
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 |
from PBKDF2 import PBKDF2 from Crypto import Random from Crypto.Cipher import AES import sys,binascii with open(sys.argv[1], mode='rb') as file: data = file.read() password = sys.argv[2] p = pbkdf2.PBKDF2(password, password[:8]) key = binascii.hexlify(p.read(32)) iv = binascii.hexlify(p.read(16)) mode = AES.MODE_CBC e = AES.new(key, mode, iv) f = open('outputDecrypted.bin', "wb") f.write(e.decrypt(data)) f.close() |
After decrypting the data, the results are not as we expected…there is no human readable data. This leads us to further debugging to identify any other techniques being used. In this case, the authors decided that using steganography and AES encryption wasn’t enough they had to encrypt the data twice using the same AES implementation. Using the same script as above and the decimal representation of the previously returned timestamp, “1484648550”, we are able to determine the key and IV for the second iteration of decryption. This time we are provided with what appears to be a human readable configuration file, which contains the following data:
- Emulation
- Install
- Notify
- Options.Compress
- Options.CheckVM
- Options.CheckSandbox
- Options.DelayTime
- Options.MonitorPackage
- Options.MonitorRegistry
- Options.MonitorSelf
- Options.HostIndex
- Options.UACBypass
- Files.Main
- Files.Count
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 |
00000000 1c 0c 09 45 6d 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 00 01 0c 07 |...Emulation....| 00000010 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 00 00 0c 06 4e 6f 74 69 66 |Install....Notif| 00000020 79 00 00 0c 10 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 43 6f 6d |y....Options.Com| 00000030 70 72 65 73 73 00 01 0c 0f 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 |press....Options| 00000040 2e 43 68 65 63 6b 56 4d 00 00 0c 14 4f 70 74 69 |.CheckVM....Opti| 00000050 6f 6e 73 2e 43 68 65 63 6b 53 61 6e 64 62 6f 78 |ons.CheckSandbox| 00000060 00 00 0c 11 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 44 65 6c 61 |....Options.Dela| 00000070 79 54 69 6d 65 07 00 00 00 00 0c 16 4f 70 74 69 |yTime.......Opti| 00000080 6f 6e 73 2e 4d 6f 6e 69 74 6f 72 50 61 63 6b 61 |ons.MonitorPacka| 00000090 67 65 00 00 0c 17 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 4d 6f |ge....Options.Mo| 000000a0 6e 69 74 6f 72 52 65 67 69 73 74 72 79 00 00 0c |nitorRegistry...| 000000b0 13 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 4d 6f 6e 69 74 6f 72 |.Options.Monitor| 000000c0 53 65 6c 66 00 00 0c 11 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e |Self....Options.| 000000d0 48 6f 73 74 49 6e 64 65 78 07 00 00 00 00 0c 0a |HostIndex.......| 000000e0 46 69 6c 65 73 2e 4d 61 69 6e 02 fa dc 01 00 00 |Files.Main......| [TRUNCATED] 0001dde0 fc e8 f9 d1 f3 b3 f5 fc 3f 0c 0b 46 69 6c 65 73 |........?..Files| 0001ddf0 2e 43 6f 75 6e 74 07 00 00 00 00 0c 11 4f 70 74 |.Count.......Opt| 0001de00 69 6f 6e 73 2e 55 41 43 42 79 70 61 73 73 00 00 |ions.UACBypass..| 0001de10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 |................| 0001de20 9b 35 e8 28 ca 4c ed be 43 38 0e 85 ec f4 ac 12 |.5.(.L..C8......| |
Finally, after the aforementioned decryption is finished, the StegBaus configuration options become visible as we see in the figure below. These options dictate which additional functions are going to be called in A.dll. As shown before, there are a number of additional functions, but they are not used unless the configuration has the options enabled. Along with the configuration options, the decrypted data also contains the final payload and is represented in two different forms in the samples we analyzed.
Figure 5 Decrypted data forms (plaintext vs. zlib)
As seen in the figure above, the two different data representations in the decrypted data buffer are plaintext and a zlib-compressed data blob. In some of the first samples identified, the decryption stage mentioned above is actually the final stage of data hiding and this executable is then loaded into memory via the RunPE method. The newest samples analyzed utilize zlib compression to further hide the final payload within the decrypted data buffer. The decompression is completed in the Decompress function, which can be seen in Figure 2 as part of A.dll. When the final payload is decompressed, it is loaded into memory as a new process via the RunPE method as well.
Conclusion
The StegBaus loader that was identified contains many advanced data hiding techniques and has been seen delivering numerous different commodity malware families.
Currently, the loader itself is being identified as malware by WildFire and can be seen in Autofocus as well. Palo Alto Networks is detecting this malicious loader via behavioral identifiers and is also identifying the malware families being delivered by these measures.
I would like to thank threat analyst Brandon Levene for bringing this unique malware family to my attention. The characteristics identified within the analyzed samples led to the discovery of more than 250 samples utilizing the StegBaus loader, all of which were identified as malware in WildFire.
Appendix
SHA256 Hashes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Related Malware Resources
Threat Research
Threat Actor Groups
High Profile Threats
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